Changes

==History==

==History==

The [[Ming-Ho War]] ended in [[1406]] with Ming victory,  

The [[Ming-Ho War]] ended in [[1406]] with Ming victory, and Vietnam remained under Chinese control until [[1428]]. This brief 22-year period represents the only period of Chinese control over Vietnam in the last thousand years.

==Lê Dynasty==

==Lê Dynasty==

==Nguyễn & Trinh==

===Nguyễn & Trinh===

In the 16th-18th centuries, Vietnam was divided, effectively, into three polities. [[Tonkin]], in the north, was ruled by the Trinh family, and [[Quang Nam]] (also known by a number of other names) in the central region, was ruled by the Nguyễn, while the southern region was the independent and ethnically distinct polity of [[Champa]]. The Trinh and Nguyễn domains were ruled by "lords," however, both under the ostensible authority of the emperor-kings of the [[Lê Dynasty]].  

In the 16th-18th centuries, Vietnam was divided, effectively, into three polities. [[Tonkin]], in the north, was ruled by the Trinh family, and [[Quang Nam]] (also known by a number of other names) in the central region, was ruled by the Nguyễn, while the southern region was the independent and ethnically distinct polity of [[Champa]]. The Trinh and Nguyễn domains were ruled by "lords," however, both under the ostensible authority of the emperor-kings of the [[Lê Dynasty]].  

From about 1590 to 1640, the Quang Nam port town of [[Hoi An]], the largest port in all of Vietnam,<ref>Alexander Woodside, “Central Vietnam's Trading World in the Eighteenth Century as Seen in Le Quy Don's 'Frontier Chronicles” in Keith Taylor and John K. Whitmore (eds.), ''Essays into Vietnamese Pasts'' (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University, 1995), 162.</ref> was home to a major [[Nihonmachi]] (Japantown), where a few tens of independent Japanese merchant families played a prominent role in the local trade. On average, more than ten Japanese ships visited the port every year during the period of the "[[red seal ships]]," that is, between roughly 1590 and 1635; this represented fully a quarter of all Japanese maritime economic activity, more than that of any other individual port.<ref>Chingho A. Chen, ''Historical Notes on Hội An (Faifo)'' (Carbondale, Illinois: Center for Vietnamese Studies, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1974), 13.</ref>

From about 1590 to 1640, the Quang Nam port town of [[Hoi An]], the largest port in all of Vietnam,<ref>Alexander Woodside, “Central Vietnam's Trading World in the Eighteenth Century as Seen in Le Quy Don's 'Frontier Chronicles” in Keith Taylor and John K. Whitmore (eds.), ''Essays into Vietnamese Pasts'' (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University, 1995), 162.</ref> was home to a major [[Nihonmachi]] (Japantown), where a few tens of independent Japanese merchant families played a prominent role in the local trade. On average, more than ten Japanese ships visited the port every year during the period of the "[[red seal ships]]," that is, between roughly 1590 and 1635; this represented fully a quarter of all Japanese maritime economic activity, more than that of any other individual port.<ref>Chingho A. Chen, ''Historical Notes on Hội An (Faifo)'' (Carbondale, Illinois: Center for Vietnamese Studies, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1974), 13.</ref>

Some of these merchants married into the Nguyễn family, and the Nguyễn lords exchanged formal diplomatic correspondence with the likes of [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] and the [[Tokugawa shogunate]], in XX and [[1601]] respectively. When war broke out between Tonkin and Quang Nam in [[1627]], the Nguyễn, along with members of the local Japanese community in Quang Nam, wrote to the Tokugawa shogunate, requesting that trade and formal relations with Tonkin be cut off. As a result, though Tonkin also saw some Japanese trade & settlement, it was to a considerably lesser degree. Fighting began in earnest between Tonkin and Quang Nam in [[1633]], and lasted until XX. Formal envoys from Quang Nam also traveled to Japan on a handful of occasions.

Some of these merchants married into the Nguyễn family, and the Nguyễn lords exchanged formal diplomatic correspondence with the likes of [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] and the [[Tokugawa shogunate]], in XX and [[1601]] respectively. When war broke out between Tonkin and Quang Nam in [[1627]], the Nguyễn, along with members of the local Japanese community in Quang Nam, wrote to the Tokugawa shogunate, requesting that trade and formal relations with Tonkin be cut off. As a result, though Tonkin also saw some Japanese trade & settlement, it was to a considerably lesser degree. [[Suminokura Ryoi|Suminokura Ryôi]] is likely the most famous of the traders who were active in Tonkin.<ref>Marius Jansen, ''China in the Tokugawa World'' (Harvard University Press, 1992), 22.</ref> Fighting began in earnest between Tonkin and Quang Nam in [[1633]], and lasted until [[1673]], when the two made peace and defined borders between them. Members of the Quang Nam community served, at times, as interpreters, translators, and advisors to the Nguyễn lords, and the Nihonmachi was permitted to be self-governing to an extent. [[Funamoto Yashichiro|Funamoto Yashichirô]] was one such head of the Japanese community, holding that position beginning in [[1618]]. Formal envoys from Quang Nam also traveled to Japan on a handful of occasions.

The [[Dutch East India Company]] first appeared in Hoi An in [[1633]]; for the remainder of that decade, before Tokugawa ''[[kaikin]]'' (maritime restrictions) policies cut off Japanese overseas trade, the Japanese continued to dominate the port's local economy, leaving the Dutch with second-choice of the remaining goods (mainly textiles), and at higher prices due to the diminished supply after Japanese merchants bought their fill each season. From 1640 onwards, however, the Japanese trade shrank and eventually died, and the Japanese community in Hoi An, as elsewhere throughout Southeast Asia, assimilated into the local Vietnamese community and effectively disappeared.

The [[Dutch East India Company]] first appeared in Hoi An in [[1633]]; for the remainder of that decade, before Tokugawa ''[[kaikin]]'' (maritime restrictions) policies cut off Japanese overseas trade, the Japanese continued to dominate the port's local economy, leaving the Dutch with second-choice of the remaining goods (mainly textiles), and at higher prices due to the diminished supply after Japanese merchants bought their fill each season. From 1640 onwards, however, the Japanese trade shrank and eventually died, and the Japanese community in Hoi An, as elsewhere throughout Southeast Asia, assimilated into the local Vietnamese community and effectively disappeared.