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==Pre-Modern through Tokugawa period==
==Pre-Modern through Tokugawa period==
In the medieval period, emperors were typically depicted with beard and mustache, as symbols of masculinity. The last pre-modern monarch to be depicted in this way, however, was [[Emperor Go-Yozei|Emperor Go-Yôzei]] (r. [[1589]]-[[1611]]), and in the [[Edo period]], maintaining a clean-shaven face became a relatively standard element of tidy appearances for men of all ranks of society (from the emperor down to the villagers).<ref>Takashi Fujitani, ''Splendid Monarchy'', UC Press (1998), 173.</ref>
==Meiji Period==
==Meiji Period==
[[File:Meiji Emperor.jpg|right|thumb|250px|An [[1873]] photograph of the [[Meiji Emperor]] by [[Uchida Kuichi]]; this was one of the last photographs the Emperor ever officially sat for.]]
[[File:Meiji-1872.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The first of two official portrait photographs of the [[Meiji Emperor]] taken by [[Uchida Kuichi]] ([[1872]])]]
[[File:Goshinei.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Perhaps one of the most famous or familiar images of the Meiji Emperor, this ''go-shin'ei'' (御真影) of which copies were distributed throughout the country, is not a photograph, but an [[1889]] sketch by [[Edoardo Chiossone]].]]
[[File:Meiji Emperor.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The second of Uchida Kuichi's official photographs of the Emperor; taken in [[1873]], this was one of the last photographs the Emperor ever officially sat for.]]
The [[Ministry of Education]] began to send images of the [[Meiji Emperor]] to public schools across the country in the 1880s, and it's believed that by [[1897]] or so, there was one in every elementary school across Japan. The official documents accompanying these portraits used terminology normally associated with the actual presence of the emperor, including terms such as "departure of the imperial conveyance" (''gohatsuren'') as the images left Tokyo, and "arrival of the Emperor" (''chakugyo''), as they were received at schools.<ref>Takashi Fujitani, ''Splendid Monarchy'', UC Press (1998), 84.</ref>
[[File:Goshinei.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Perhaps one of the most famous or familiar images of the Meiji Emperor, this ''go-shin'ei'' (御真影) of which copies were distributed throughout the country, is not a photograph of the emperor directly, but rather of an [[1888]] drawing by [[Edoardo Chiossone]].]]
The [[Ministry of Education]] began to send images of the [[Meiji Emperor]] to public schools across the country in the 1880s, and it's believed that by [[1897]] or so, there was one in every elementary school across Japan. The official documents accompanying these portraits used terminology normally associated with the actual presence of the emperor, including terms such as "departure of the imperial conveyance" (''gohatsuren'') as the images left Tokyo, and "arrival of the Emperor" (''chakugyo''), as they were received at schools.<ref>Fujitani, 84.</ref>
The last official photographs of the Meiji Emperor were taken in [[1873]], by [[Uchida Kuichi]]; after that, the Emperor is said to have refused to have his picture taken (or, otherwise, the [[Imperial Household Ministry]] or other governmental managers of Imperial & national ideology and propaganda had it no longer take place). For this reason, many of the most famous or well-known images of the Meiji Emperor today, though perhaps widely mistakenly believed to be photographs, are in fact drawings. One such portrait was sketched by [[Edoardo Chiossone]] in [[1889]]. The ''[[yoga|yôga]]'' painter [[Takahashi Yuichi]] was also able to paint a portrait of the emperor, in [[1880]].<ref>Conrad Schirokauer, David Lurie, and Suzanne Gay, ''A Brief History of Japanese Civilization'', Wadsworth Cengage (2013), 179.</ref>
The last official photographs of the Meiji Emperor were taken in [[1872]] and [[1873]], by [[Uchida Kuichi]]; after that, the Emperor is said to have refused to have his picture taken (or, otherwise, the [[Imperial Household Ministry]] or other governmental managers of Imperial & national ideology and propaganda had it no longer take place). For this reason, many of the most famous or well-known images of the Meiji Emperor today, though perhaps widely mistakenly believed to be photographs, are in fact drawings. One such portrait was sketched by [[Edoardo Chiossone]] in [[1888]]. The ''[[yoga|yôga]]'' painter [[Takahashi Yuichi]] was also able to paint a portrait of the emperor, in [[1880]].<ref>Conrad Schirokauer, David Lurie, and Suzanne Gay, ''A Brief History of Japanese Civilization'', Wadsworth Cengage (2013), 179.</ref>
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