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The Ôtemon 大手門 was the main gate leading into the ''honmaru'' (central bailey) of the castle, where the majority of administrative and residential spaces were located. Low- to middle-ranking samurai were obliged to dismount from their horses or palanquins before passing over the bridge leading to this gate. Those granted an exception were known as ''jôyo ijô'' (乗輿以上, lit. "palanquin riders and up"), and included those over 500 ''koku'' in income, and those over fifty years of age. After passing through the Ôtemon, one would cross another bridge, then pass through another series of gates - the Ôtesan-no-mon, Chûnomon, and Chûjakumon - before coming to the entrance hall (''genkan'') of the ''honmaru'' palace. The highest-ranking visitors to the castle, including members of the ''[[Gosanke]]'' and the abbot of [[Nikko|Nikkô's]] [[Rinno-ji|Rinnô-ji]]<ref>A Buddhist temple associated with the Tokugawa's [[Nikko Toshogu|Nikkô Tôshôgû]] shrine, its head was typically an Imperial prince.</ref>, were permitted to remain in their palanquins up until the Chûnomon, where they too had to dismount. Beyond each of these two dismounting points, visitors were restricted in the size of entourage they could bring along with them. For example, a ''[[kunimochi]] daimyô'' such as the [[Shimazu clan]] lord of [[Satsuma han]] could only bring with him six samurai retainers, one sandal-bearer, two ''[[hasamibako]]'' (luggage) carriers, and four palanquin carriers past the Ôtemon, and then had to leave three of those samurai retainers, half the luggage carriers (along with the luggage itself), and all of the palanquin carriers (along with the palanquin) at the second dismounting point. Finally, upon reaching the entrance hall (''genkan''), even such a high-ranking ''daimyô'' as this would be forced to enter the castle alone. This was perhaps in part a security measure, but was also a great show of the shogun's power (to be able to require that of even such a powerful lord), and of the ''daimyô's'' acknowledgement of that power & authority, and willing submission to it. Lower-ranking ''daimyô'', as well as other official visitors to the castle, were restricted to even smaller entourages during this brief journey between the Ôtemon and the castle ''genkan''.<ref>Fukai Masaumi, ''Edo-jô wo yomu'', Harashobô (1997), 18-19.</ref>

The Ôtemon 大手門 was the main gate leading into the ''honmaru'' (central bailey) of the castle, where the majority of administrative and residential spaces were located. Low- to middle-ranking samurai were obliged to dismount from their horses or palanquins before passing over the bridge leading to this gate. Those granted an exception were known as ''jôyo ijô'' (乗輿以上, lit. "palanquin riders and up"), and included those over 500 ''koku'' in income, and those over fifty years of age. After passing through the Ôtemon, one would cross another bridge, then pass through another series of gates - the Ôtesan-no-mon, Chûnomon, and Chûjakumon - before coming to the entrance hall (''genkan'') of the ''honmaru'' palace. The highest-ranking visitors to the castle, including members of the ''[[Gosanke]]'' and the abbot of [[Nikko|Nikkô's]] [[Rinno-ji|Rinnô-ji]]<ref>A Buddhist temple associated with the Tokugawa's [[Nikko Toshogu|Nikkô Tôshôgû]] shrine, its head was typically an Imperial prince.</ref>, were permitted to remain in their palanquins up until the Chûnomon, where they too had to dismount. Beyond each of these two dismounting points, visitors were restricted in the size of entourage they could bring along with them. For example, a ''[[kunimochi]] daimyô'' such as the [[Shimazu clan]] lord of [[Satsuma han]] could only bring with him six samurai retainers, one sandal-bearer, two ''[[hasamibako]]'' (luggage) carriers, and four palanquin carriers past the Ôtemon, and then had to leave three of those samurai retainers, half the luggage carriers (along with the luggage itself), and all of the palanquin carriers (along with the palanquin) at the second dismounting point. Finally, upon reaching the entrance hall (''genkan''), even such a high-ranking ''daimyô'' as this would be forced to enter the castle alone. This was perhaps in part a security measure, but was also a great show of the shogun's power (to be able to require that of even such a powerful lord), and of the ''daimyô's'' acknowledgement of that power & authority, and willing submission to it. Lower-ranking ''daimyô'', as well as other official visitors to the castle, were restricted to even smaller entourages during this brief journey between the Ôtemon and the castle ''genkan''.<ref>Fukai Masaumi, ''Edo-jô wo yomu'', Harashobô (1997), 18-19.</ref>

Upon entering the ''genkan'', one would turn left to enter the ''ôhiroma'' (大広間, great audience hall). Consisting of a number of connected rooms roughly 500 tatami mats in area,<ref name=fukai22>Fukai, 22.</ref> in total, the ''ôhiroma''  was among the spaces closest to the entrance to the castle, and thus furthest from the center of the complex. It was used for audiences with foreign emissaries or powerful ''tozama daimyô'', and for other highly formal ceremonies. By contrast, the ''shiroshoin'' ("white study / writing room"), closer to the castle's interior, was used for audiences with ''fudai daimyô'' and the shogun's relatives, while the ''kuroshoin'' ("black study / writing room"), closer still to the interior, was used for meetings with the shogun's most trusted retainers and highest-ranking officials. These two rooms were constructed in white wood and black lacquered wood, respectively.<ref>Arai Hakuseki, Joyce Ackroyd (trans.), ''Told Round a Brushwood Fire'', University of Tokyo Press (1979), 289n38.</ref>

Upon entering the ''genkan'', one would turn left to enter the ''ôhiroma'' (大広間, great audience hall). Consisting of a number of connected rooms roughly 500 tatami mats in area,<ref name=fukai22>Fukai, 22.</ref> in total, the ''ôhiroma''  was among the spaces closest to the entrance to the castle, and thus furthest from the center of the complex. It was used for audiences with foreign emissaries or powerful ''tozama daimyô'', and for other highly formal ceremonies.

 

Two "studies" (''shoin''), also used as audience halls, were located in the western part of the ''honmaru''. Known as the ''shiroshoin'' ("white study") and ''kuroshoin'' ("black study"), they lay on either side of an open garden (''nakaniwa''). The ''shiroshoin'', to the north of the ''ôhiroma'', was somewhat closer to the ''genkan'' than the ''kuroshoin'', and was used for more public/official meetings, while the ''kuroshoin'', located to the north of the ''shiroshoin'', deeper into the interior of the complex, was used for meetings on more everyday matters. The ''shiroshoin'', constructed in white wood, was divided into several rooms including the ''Teikan-no-ma'', covering in total around 300 tatami in area. The ''kuroshoin'', constructed in black lacquered wood, was similarly divided into several rooms, and covered a somewhat smaller 190 or so.<ref>Arai Hakuseki, Joyce Ackroyd (trans.), ''Told Round a Brushwood Fire'', University of Tokyo Press (1979), 289n38.; Fukai, 32-33.</ref>

The ''ôhiroma'' contained three platforms of different heights, called ''dan'', allowing the shogun to sit not only at a distance from his formal visitors, but also physically above them. Only the highest-ranking retainers and guests were permitted to sit within the ''ôhiroma'', and then only in certain ''dan'', in accordance with their rank. Wrapping around an inner garden, and thus forming a U-shape with the three ''dan'', were three antechambers, known respectively as the ''ni-'', ''san-'', and ''yon-no-ma''. The ''shiroshoin'' was arranged similarly, though on a smaller scale, with two ''dan'', two audience rooms, and two antechambers.<ref>Mitani, xxv.</ref>

The ''ôhiroma'' contained three platforms of different heights, called ''dan'', allowing the shogun to sit not only at a distance from his formal visitors, but also physically above them. Only the highest-ranking retainers and guests were permitted to sit within the ''ôhiroma'', and then only in certain ''dan'', in accordance with their rank. Wrapping around an inner garden, and thus forming a U-shape with the three ''dan'', were three antechambers, known respectively as the ''ni-'', ''san-'', and ''yon-no-ma''. The ''shiroshoin'' was arranged similarly, though on a smaller scale, with two ''dan'', two audience rooms, and two antechambers.<ref>Mitani, xxv.</ref>

#Tamari-no-ma: Collateral houses of the Tokugawa, typically known as ''shinpan'' or ''kamon'', including the various [[Matsudaira clan]] branch families of [[Aizu han]], [[Kuwana han]], and [[Takamatsu han]], sat with the [[Ii clan]] of [[Hikone han]] and up to six other ''fudai daimyô'' and ''rôjû'' in the ''tamari no ma'', adjacent to the ceremonial chambers, and closest of all the ''daimyô'' waiting rooms to the shogunal residence.

#Tamari-no-ma: Collateral houses of the Tokugawa, typically known as ''shinpan'' or ''kamon'', including the various [[Matsudaira clan]] branch families of [[Aizu han]], [[Kuwana han]], and [[Takamatsu han]], sat with the [[Ii clan]] of [[Hikone han]] and up to six other ''fudai daimyô'' and ''rôjû'' in the ''tamari no ma'', adjacent to the ceremonial chambers, and closest of all the ''daimyô'' waiting rooms to the shogunal residence.

#Ôhiroma: Around thirty lords were associated with the audience hall itself. These included ''shinpan/kamon'' collateral families not included in the higher ranks, as well as ''tozama daimyô'' above 110,000 ''[[kokudaka|koku]]''.

#Ôhiroma: Around thirty lords were associated with the audience hall itself. These included ''shinpan/kamon'' collateral families not included in the higher ranks, as well as ''tozama daimyô'' above 110,000 ''[[kokudaka|koku]]''.

#Teikan no ma: Roughly sixty ''fudai'' and ''jun-fudai'' (semi- or quasi-''fudai'') clans were associated with the Teikan-no-ma, a room decorated with images of the "Mirror of the Emperors" (''teikan''). These included the [[Okubo clan|Ôkubo]] of [[Odawara han]], [[Toda clan|Toda]] of [[Ogaki han|Ôgaki]], and the [[Yanagisawa clan|Yanagisawa]] of [[Yamatokoriyama han]].

#Teikan no ma: Roughly sixty ''fudai'' and ''jun-fudai'' (semi- or quasi-''fudai'') clans were associated with the Teikan-no-ma, a room located within the ''shiroshoin'' and decorated with images of the "Mirror of the Emperors" (''teikan''). These included the [[Okubo clan|Ôkubo]] of [[Odawara han]], [[Toda clan|Toda]] of [[Ogaki han|Ôgaki]], and the [[Yanagisawa clan|Yanagisawa]] of [[Yamatokoriyama han]].

#Yanagi no ma: Branch houses of the clans associated with the Ôhiroma, along with ''tozama daimyô'' up to 100,000 ''koku'' in rank were associated with the Yanagi-no-ma, a room decorated with paintings of willows (''yanagi'').

#Yanagi no ma: Branch houses of the clans associated with the Ôhiroma, along with ''tozama daimyô'' up to 100,000 ''koku'' in rank were associated with the Yanagi-no-ma, a room decorated with paintings of willows (''yanagi'').

#Kari no ma: ''Fudai daimyô'' of castle-holding (''shiro-mochi'' or ''shiro-nushi'') rank and above were seated in the ''kari-no-ma'', a room decorated with paintings of geese (''kari'').

#Kari no ma: ''Fudai daimyô'' of castle-holding (''shiro-mochi'' or ''shiro-nushi'') rank and above were seated in the ''kari-no-ma'', a room located between the ''shiro'' and ''kuroshoin'', and decorated with paintings of geese (''kari'').

#Kiku no ma: ''Fudai daimyô'' not of castle-holding rank were seated in the "chrysanthemum room," or ''kari-no-ma''. These included the [[Ooka clan|Ôoka]] of [[Nishi-Ohira han|Nishi-Ôhira]], the [[Oseki clan|Ôseki]] of [[Kurobane han]], the [[Yamaguchi clan]] of [[Ushihisa han]], and the [[Tanuma clan]] of [[Sagara han]].

#Kiku no ma: ''Fudai daimyô'' not of castle-holding rank were seated in the "chrysanthemum room," or ''kari-no-ma'', a room located between the ''kari-no-ma'' and the ''shiroshoin''. These included the [[Ooka clan|Ôoka]] of [[Nishi-Ohira han|Nishi-Ôhira]], the [[Oseki clan|Ôseki]] of [[Kurobane han]], the [[Yamaguchi clan]] of [[Ushihisa han]], and the [[Tanuma clan]] of [[Sagara han]].

On special occasions, ''daimyô'' and others would be seated in and around the audience hall in accordance with their rankings by waiting room. To give an example, at the accession ceremony for Shogun [[Tokugawa Ietsugu]], held on [[1713]]/4/2, ''[[sobayonin|sobayônin]]'' [[Manabe Akifusa]] sat behind him in the upper ''dan'' of the ''ôhiroma'', along with a number of maids, and on the western side of the room, the [[Konoe family]] former regent and [[Kujo family|Kujô family]] General of the Left. Envoys from the Imperial court, from the Retired Emperor, and from the empress, sat on the western side of the middle ''dan'', and the ''[[Tairo|Tairô]]'' & ''[[kamon-no-kami]]'' (head of cleaning), a member of the [[Ii clan]], sat on the east side of the middle ''dan''. Four ''rôjû'' sat on the east side of the lower ''dan''. Members of the ''gosanke'', along with the ''wakadoshiyori'', sat in the veranda or corridor (''engawa'') on the west side of the middle ''dan'', while ''daimyô'' of the ''tamari-no-ma'' and members of the ''kôke'' (high families) sat on the veranda to the west of the lower ''dan''. ''Kunimochi daimyô'' sat in the ''ni-no-ma''. Other ''daimyô'' sat in the ''san-no-ma'', and other officials in the ''yon-no-ma''.<ref>Fukai, 26-27.</ref>

On special occasions, ''daimyô'' and others would be seated in and around the audience hall in accordance with their rankings by waiting room. To give an example, at the accession ceremony for Shogun [[Tokugawa Ietsugu]], held on [[1713]]/4/2, ''[[sobayonin|sobayônin]]'' [[Manabe Akifusa]] sat behind him in the upper ''dan'' of the ''ôhiroma'', along with a number of maids, and on the western side of the room, the [[Konoe family]] former regent and [[Kujo family|Kujô family]] General of the Left. Envoys from the Imperial court, from the Retired Emperor, and from the empress, sat on the western side of the middle ''dan'', and the ''[[Tairo|Tairô]]'' & ''[[kamon-no-kami]]'' (head of cleaning), a member of the [[Ii clan]], sat on the east side of the middle ''dan''. Four ''rôjû'' sat on the east side of the lower ''dan''. Members of the ''gosanke'', along with the ''wakadoshiyori'', sat in the veranda or corridor (''engawa'') on the west side of the middle ''dan'', while ''daimyô'' of the ''tamari-no-ma'' and members of the ''kôke'' (high families) sat on the veranda to the west of the lower ''dan''. ''Kunimochi daimyô'' sat in the ''ni-no-ma''. Other ''daimyô'' sat in the ''san-no-ma'', and other officials in the ''yon-no-ma''.<ref>Fukai, 26-27.</ref>