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The Maruyama was the chief [[courtesan]] district of [[Nagasaki]] in the [[Edo period]], serving chiefly the [[Chinese in Nagasaki|Chinese]] and [[Dejima|Dutch]] communities of the port city.

The Maruyama was the chief [[courtesan]] district of [[Nagasaki]] in the [[Edo period]], serving chiefly the [[Chinese in Nagasaki|Chinese]] and [[Dejima|Dutch]] communities of the port city.

The courtesans of the Maruyama pleasure district were the only Japanese, other than shogunate officials, permitted to enter the Dutch neighborhood on [[Dejima]]; they also served the Chinese merchants of the city, Japanese residents, and Japanese visitors to Nagasaki from other parts of the archipelago. The courtesans were officially required to return from Dejima in the morning, but in practice, often stayed for up to a week; they were not permitted to stay overnight in the [[Tojin yashiki|Chinese district]]. The courtesans are said to have preferred the company of the Chinese, however, and so charged higher rates to the Dutch.<ref>[[Marius Jansen]], ''China in the Tokugawa World'', Harvard University Press (1992), 32.</ref> Enforcement of restrictions on the island were quite lax at times, and on occasion, courtesans even escorted Dutchmen off Dejima (into Nagasaki proper), or accompanied them out of the country.<ref>Hiroko Johnson, ''Western Influences on Japanese Art: The Akita Ranga Art School and Foreign Books'', Amsterdam: Hotei Publishing (2005), 22.</ref> A number of Maruyama courtesans also had children with members of the Dejima community; some of these children came to be regarded as "Japanese," being accepted and incorporated into Japanese society, and remained in Japan for the rest of their lives, banned from leaving just like any other Japanese, while others were deemed foreigners, and lived on Dejima or outside of Japan the remainder of their lives, banned from entering or traveling freely within the archipelago like any other foreigner.  

 

The courtesans of the Maruyama pleasure district were the only Japanese, other than shogunate officials, permitted to enter the Dutch neighborhood on [[Dejima]]; they also served the Chinese merchants of the city, Japanese residents, and Japanese visitors to Nagasaki from other parts of the archipelago. Initially, the courtesans were officially required to return from Dejima in the morning, and were not permitted to stay overnight in the [[Tojin yashiki|Chinese district]] at all. However, these rules were not strictly enforced, and grew lax over the course of the Edo period, until before long courtesans were able to stay in either foreign settlement indefinitely, so long as their client continued to pay, and the courtesan wished to do so.<ref>Stanley, 79.</ref> The girls serving each community came to be separated, so they could not aid in any smuggling or conspiracy between the Dutch and Chinese communities. Thus, some Maruyama courtesans came to be known as ''karayuki'' ("going to China"), and served only Chinese and Japanese clients, while others, known as ''orandayuki'' ("going to Holland"), served only Dutch and Japanese clients. A small group of the most elite Maruyama courtesans served only Japanese clients, and were known as ''nihonyuki'' ("going to Japan"). Though they could not smuggle goods, money, or information between the Dutch and the Chinese, the women of the pleasure quarters were able to carry things between the foreign districts and the Japanese townsmen of Nagasaki, thus circumventing the shogunate's [[Nagasaki kaisho|clearinghouse]], which claimed monopolies on a variety of trade goods, and charged high tariffs. Girls also received personal gifts from their clients, some of which were quite exotic and precious, such as white [[sugar]] from Indonesian plantations, or various sorts of textiles; while the authorities required these to be reported, in order to stem smuggling, they also asserted that such gifts became the personal property of the courtesan and could not be confiscated by brothel owners.

 

The courtesans are said to have preferred the company of the Chinese, since the Dutch were so much more foreign, with different sexual predilections, personal hygiene habits, and culture besides; as a result, the ''orandayuki'' charged higher rates to their Dutch customers than the ''karayuki'' did to their Chinese clients.<ref>[[Marius Jansen]], ''China in the Tokugawa World'', Harvard University Press (1992), 32.</ref> Enforcement of restrictions on the island were quite lax at times, and on occasion, courtesans even escorted Dutchmen off Dejima (into Nagasaki proper), or accompanied them out of the country.<ref>Hiroko Johnson, ''Western Influences on Japanese Art: The Akita Ranga Art School and Foreign Books'', Amsterdam: Hotei Publishing (2005), 22.</ref> A number of Maruyama courtesans also had children with members of the Dejima community. Some of these children came to be regarded as "Japanese," being raised either within the Maruyama, or by the courtesan's parents, being accepted and incorporated into Japanese society, and remained in Japan for the rest of their lives, banned from leaving just like any other Japanese; other children of Maruyama courtesans were deemed foreigners, and lived on Dejima or outside of Japan the remainder of their lives, banned from entering or traveling freely within the archipelago like any other foreigner.

 

The girls of the Maruyama also seem to have maintained strong connections to their natal families. To what extent this was true of the [[Yoshiwara]], [[Shimabara (Kyoto)|Shimabara]], or other districts is unclear, but in the Maruyama, girls were always dutiful daughters (working to support their parents) first, and indentured servants, or property, of the brothel second. They were able to buy, smuggle, or otherwise obtain things to give to their families, and in certain circumstances, in many cases, were able to have the authorities side with them against unfair treatment, or in attempting to get out of their contracts in order to return to "ordinary" society, to marry and have children. ''[[Sugoroku]]'' boards from the time, along with various other popular publications, seem to indicate a common perception that prostitution was simply one stage in one's life, prior to other occupations and/or marriage. Thus, it would seem that prostitutes, and their work, were not necessarily particularly stigmatized, if at all. Closely tied to the local community, historian [[Amy Stanley]] argues the Maruyama courtesans might have been seen by their families and neighbors as little different from daughters who had dutifully gone to work as housemaids, or in textile workshops, in order to help support their parents. Such a thing became relatively common in many parts of the archipelago in the 18th century. Some girls who served the Chinese and Dutch communities as Maruyama prostitutes did not even leave home; in exchange for a significant fee paid by their parents, these girls were able to be part-time (''shikiri'') or nominal (''nazuke'') ''yûjo'', who lived at home with their parents and only went out to Dejima or the Chinese enclosure when the brothel with which they were affiliated did not have enough girls to meet a given night's level of demand. Such part-time activity, however, upset the authorities, as it blurred the distinction between "ordinary" townspeople, who were barred from entering the foreign districts, and prostitutes, who were not. As a result, from time to time, part-time ''yûjo'' were apprehended and punished - typically by being forced into full-time unpaid work in the Maruyama.

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