Changes

==History==

==History==

The Yoshiwara got its start when Shôji Jin'uemon was granted license in [[1617]] by the shogunate to consolidate all the brothels in the city into a certain area, the Yoshiwara neighborhood.<ref>[[Eiko Ikegami]], ''Bonds of Civility'', Cambridge University Press (2005), 268.</ref> Following the execution of this process, the Yoshiwara first opened for business in [[1626]]. At that time, courtesans' contracts were limited to ten years; however, they would later extend over much longer periods.

The Yoshiwara got its start when Shôji Jin'uemon was granted license in [[1617]] by the shogunate to consolidate all the brothels in the city into a certain area, the Yoshiwara neighborhood.<ref>[[Eiko Ikegami]], ''Bonds of Civility'', Cambridge University Press (2005), 268.</ref> He had applied in [[1605]] to start a brothel keepers' guild, but was denied by the shogunate. In [[1612]], he returned with a new proposition. He argued that prostitution throughout the city created opportunities for daughters from "good" families to be abducted into the sex trade, for young men to be distracted from their work & led to squander their money in brothels, and for samurai to plot rebellion in courtesans' private quarters. Jin'emon proposed that all of these social problems could be controlled if he were to be granted monopoly rights on operating brothels in the city; the shogunate could restrict all prostitution to a single pleasure district, and within that district, Jin'emon and his fellow brothel keepers could keep records of customers coming and going, and could report to the authorities on any suspicious activities.<ref>Stanley, 45.</ref>.

 

The district was quickly built over the course of the next year, opening for business in [[1618]]. Brothels and teahouses were organized along four streets, surrounded by high plaster walls, and accessible only by a single point of entrance/egress, the Great Gate, or Yoshiwara-Ômon. A sign was placed just outside the gate declaring the district's monopoly, and requiring that only physicians could enter on horseback or in a palanquin, and that all must leave spears or longswords outside. By [[1626]], the last holdouts against the Yoshiwara monopoly - brothel owners based in Sumichô - relocated to the Yoshiwara, leaving only unlicensed (and thus, illegal) prostitution in the remainder of the city. At that time, courtesans' contracts were limited to ten years; however, they would later extend over much longer periods.

Within the first decades of its establishment, as with many other aspects of the Tokugawa realm, the shogunate made incremental attempts to control the activities of the district. Some of these policies were successful, and became standard policy; others were grossly ignored or otherwise did not last long. An example of the latter was a [[1640]] edict banning the Yoshiwara from operating at night. An example of the former, however, was an edict the following year banning the women of the Yoshiwara from leaving the district (except for particular circumstances, with authorization). Many of these policies carried over into the new Yoshiwara, rebuilt farther away from the city, past [[Asakusa]] to the northeast, just before the [[1657]] [[Great Meireki Fire]] which destroyed much of Edo. It remained in that new location through the rest of the period, and this "New Yoshiwara" (''Shin-Yoshiwara'') then came to be called simply the Yoshiwara, while the old site retroactively came to be referred to as the "former Yoshiwara" (''Moto Yoshiwara'').

Within the first decades of its establishment, as with many other aspects of the Tokugawa realm, the shogunate made incremental attempts to control the activities of the district. Some of these policies were successful, and became standard policy; others were grossly ignored or otherwise did not last long. An example of the latter was a [[1640]] edict banning the Yoshiwara from operating at night. An example of the former, however, was an edict the following year banning the women of the Yoshiwara from leaving the district (except for particular circumstances, with authorization). Many of these policies carried over into the new Yoshiwara, rebuilt farther away from the city, past [[Asakusa]] to the northeast, just before the [[1657]] [[Great Meireki Fire]] which destroyed much of Edo. It remained in that new location through the rest of the period, and this "New Yoshiwara" (''Shin-Yoshiwara'') then came to be called simply the Yoshiwara, while the old site retroactively came to be referred to as the "former Yoshiwara" (''Moto Yoshiwara'').

Despite its marginal status, the Yoshiwara managed to exercise some degree of political autonomy, and pressure on the shogunate, at times. In [[1665]], managers of the Yoshiwara managed to persuade the shogunate to forcibly shut down much of the Yoshiwara's competition, outside of the district. This also marked the end of the phenomenon of ''[[yuna]]'', or bathhouse girls.

The walled district served as a model not only for the Shimabara in Kyoto, [[Shinmachi]] in Osaka, and [[Maruyama]] district in Nagasaki, but also for pleasure districts in domainal cities such as [[Kanazawa]], [[Shimonoseki]], and [[Fukuoka]].<ref>Stanley, 52.</ref>

The Yoshiwara was the only licensed district in Edo. The authorities attempted to control prostitution and other such unsavory activities by giving them somewhere legal to be, and limiting them to that space. In the 1840s, there were around 7000 prostitutes operating in the Yoshiwara; historian Amy Stanley estimates a total of 10-15,000 operating within the greater Edo area, including roughly one thousand ''[[meshimori onna]]'' (serving girls) at post-station inns, and whatever number of prostitutes operating in unlicensed districts.<ref>Amy Stanley, ''Selling Women: Prostitution, Markets, and the Household in Early Modern Japan'', UC Press (2012), 2.</ref> From time to time, the shogunate would crack down on illegal prostitution operating elsewhere in the city. Sometimes, as in [[1842]] when over 4,000 prostitutes were arrested, they were simply relocated to the Yoshiwara; other times, of course, the penalties were harsher. On one occasion, in [[1639]], eleven managers of bathhouses and other Yoshiwara operations were crucified outside the Great Gate of the district for illegal activities committed outside the quarter.

Despite its marginal status, the Yoshiwara managed to exercise some degree of political autonomy, and pressure on the shogunate, at times. In [[1665]], managers of the Yoshiwara managed to persuade the shogunate to forcibly shut down much of the Yoshiwara's competition, outside of the district. This also marked the end of the phenomenon of ''[[yuna]]'', or bathhouse girls. Meanwhile, up until the 1740s, the Yoshiwara served a role for the shogunate as a site of criminal punishment for women - under certain circumstances, after committing certain crimes, a woman could be given over by the authorities into a life of servitude in the Yoshiwara. This changed after the issuance of the ''[[kujikata osadamegaki]]'' of standardized penalties in [[1742]].<ref>Stanley, 50.</ref>

Not only a center of prostitution and related activities, the Yoshiwara was also a center of cultural production. While most novelists, artists, publishers and the like made their homes in the commercial districts closer to the center of the city, some lived in or just outside the Yoshiwara, taking the environment as a muse, and the Yoshiwara customers and residents as patrons. [[Tsutaya Juzaburo|Tsutaya Jûzaburô]], likely the most famous of Edo period publishers today, was born and raised in the district; he was the son of a brothel owner, and was adopted as a child by the owner of a teahouse. As an adult, he maintained his shop just outside the Yoshiwara's gates for ten years, from [[1773]]-[[1783]], after which he moved to Toriabura-chô, where most other publishers were located. The author [[Santo Kyoden|Santô Kyôden]] ([[1761]]-[[1816]]) similarly lived much of his life in the Yoshiwara, running a tobacco shop there, and marrying two ''[[shinzo|shinzô]]''<ref>Teenage attendants who had not yet become full-fledged courtesans, or those who wouldn't or couldn't become full-fledged courtesans on account of not possessing the beauty, wit, and/or various skills necessary.</ref> over the course of his lifetime.<ref>Segawa Seigle, 150.</ref>

 

Not only a center of prostitution and related activities, the Yoshiwara was also a center of cultural production. While most novelists, artists, publishers and the like made their homes in the commercial districts closer to the center of the city, some lived in or just outside the Yoshiwara, taking the environment as a muse, and the Yoshiwara customers and residents as patrons. [[Tsutaya Juzaburo|Tsutaya Jûzaburô]], likely the most famous of Edo period publishers today, was born and raised in the district; he was the son of a brothel owner, and was adopted as a child by the owner of a teahouse. As an adult, he maintained his shop just outside the Yoshiwara's gates for ten years, from [[1773]]-[[1783]], after which he moved to Toriabura-chô, where most other publishers were located. The author [[Santo Kyoden|Santô Kyôden]] ([[1761]]-[[1816]]) similarly lived much of his life in the Yoshiwara, running a tobacco shop there, and marrying two ''[[shinzo|shinzô]]''<ref>Teenage attendants who had not yet become full-fledged courtesans, or those who wouldn't or couldn't become full-fledged courtesans on account of not possessing the beauty, wit, and/or various skills necessary.</ref> over the course of his lifetime.<ref>Segawa Seigle, 150.</ref> There is also evidence of popular discourses, whether tongue-in-cheek or relatively sincere, regarding the Yoshiwara as a liminal or alternative space; at least one map of the district names it "Geppon" (The Land of the Rising Moon), in parody and contrast to the regular world of Nippon (The Land of the Rising Sun). [[Timon Screech]] has also written of the symbolic or metaphorical association of various landmarks along the river route to the pleasure districts as parts of an imagination of the journey as one from the "hell" of everyday life to the "heaven" or "paradise" of the Yoshiwara.<ref>Timon Screech, Morishita Masaaki (trans.), ''Edo no daifushin'' 江戸の大普請, Kodansha, 2007.</ref>

Though quite prominent in the popular imagination throughout the period, the district was perhaps at its cultural height only for a brief time in the mid-18th century. It was not until [[1741]] that the famous ''[[sakura]]'' were planted along Nakanochô (the main avenue of the district), in hopes it would help attract tourists there to engage in ''[[hanami]]''. By the 1760s, the district had already begun to decline; in [[1761]], the last ''tayû'' (top-ranking courtesan) of the Yoshiwara retired, and ''shinzô'' were first allowed to engage in sexual relations with clients. After this time, however, a new order established itself in the Yoshiwara, with the ''oiran'' as the top rank of courtesans, and low-ranking teahouse waitresses called ''[[sancha]]'' transforming into the middle-to-top-ranking ''chûsan'' courtesans.

Though quite prominent in the popular imagination throughout the period, the district was perhaps at its cultural height only for a brief time in the mid-18th century. It was not until [[1741]] that the famous ''[[sakura]]'' were planted along Nakanochô (the main avenue of the district), in hopes it would help attract tourists there to engage in ''[[hanami]]''. By the 1760s, the district had already begun to decline; in [[1761]], the last ''tayû'' (top-ranking courtesan) of the Yoshiwara retired, and ''shinzô'' were first allowed to engage in sexual relations with clients. After this time, however, a new order established itself in the Yoshiwara, with the ''oiran'' as the top rank of courtesans, and low-ranking teahouse waitresses called ''[[sancha]]'' transforming into the middle-to-top-ranking ''chûsan'' courtesans.

==Operations==

==Operations==

::''See [[Courtesans]] for more on this subject.''

::''See [[Courtesans]] for more on this subject.''

Partaking of what the Yoshiwara had to offer could be incredibly expensive. And it required more than just money to get in the door; one needed connections (networking, i.e. knowing people), and a reputation for cultural capital. At the time of the Yoshiwara's cultural height, prior to 1750 or so, only the most ''[[tsu|tsû]]'', that is, those with the greatest reputation for familiarity with the Yoshiwara, its etiquette, and so forth, could secure an appointment with the top courtesans; even then, few could afford it, as the prices for a night with even a middling-ranking courtesan were quite expensive, serving as the source of income not only for the courtesan one was hiring, but for her entire entourage (i.e. attendants, younger courtesans-in-training) as well. A first visit could cost on average 10 ''[[currency|ryô]]'', including tips for the ''[[nakai]]'' and ''[[taikomochi]]'' (servants/assistants). Yet, some managed to afford not only this, but on occasion, a very few merchants are known to have even rented out the entire Yoshiwara for themselves for a night or two.

Partaking of what the Yoshiwara had to offer could be incredibly expensive. And it required more than just money to get in the door; one needed connections (networking, i.e. knowing people), and a reputation for cultural capital. At the time of the Yoshiwara's cultural height, prior to 1750 or so, only the most ''[[tsu|tsû]]'', that is, those with the greatest reputation for familiarity with the Yoshiwara, its etiquette, and so forth, could secure an appointment with the top courtesans; even then, few could afford it, as the prices for a night with even a middling-ranking courtesan were quite expensive, serving as the source of income not only for the courtesan one was hiring, but for her entire entourage (i.e. attendants, younger courtesans-in-training) as well. A first visit could cost on average 10 ''[[currency|ryô]]'', including tips for the ''[[nakai]]'' and ''[[taikomochi]]'' (servants/assistants). Yet, some managed to afford not only this, but on occasion, a very few merchants are known to have even rented out the entire Yoshiwara for themselves for a night or two.

Getting to the Yoshiwara typically involved a river journey, on swiftboats called ''choki''. One typically departed from [[Azuma-bashi]], in Asakusa. [[Timon Screech]] has written on the journey as a liminal experience, and on the symbolic meanings of various sights along the way, as one made one's way from the metaphorical 'hell' of everyday life to the 'paradise' of the Yoshiwara.<ref>Timon Screech, Morishita Masaaki (trans.), ''Edo no daifushin'' 江戸の大普請, Kodansha, 2007.</ref>

Getting to the Yoshiwara typically involved a river journey, on swiftboats called ''choki''. One typically departed from [[Azuma-bashi]], in Asakusa.

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==References==

==References==

*Segawa Seigle, Cecilia. ''Yoshiwara: The Glittering World of the Japanese Courtesan''. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1993.

*Segawa Seigle, Cecilia. ''Yoshiwara: The Glittering World of the Japanese Courtesan''. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1993.

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