Changes

*''Japanese'': 官生 ''(kanshou)'', 勤学 ''(kingaku)''

*''Japanese'': 官生 ''(kanshou)'', 勤学 ''(kingaku)''

Over the course of the history of the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]], a small number of Ryukyuan students from aristocratic and royal families were sent to study at the [[National Academy]] (''Guozijuan''<!--国子監-->). At the beginning of this period, the Academy was located in the capital of [[Nanjing]], but after the [[Yongle Emperor]] moved the capital to [[Beijing]] c. [[1402]], the Academy was moved as well.

Over the course of the history of the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]], a small number of Ryukyuan students from aristocratic and royal families were sent to study [[Confucianism|Confucian]] political philosophy, law, astronomy, calendrics, history, and the [[Confucian classics]] at the [[National Academy]] (''Guozijuan''<!--国子監-->).<ref> At the beginning of this period, the Academy was located in the capital of [[Nanjing]], but after the [[Yongle Emperor]] moved the capital to [[Beijing]] c. [[1402]]-[[1421]], the Academy was moved as well.</ref> These students, officially welcomed by the Chinese court, and funded by the Ryukyuan court, were known as ''kanshô'' ("official students"). They may have been the only foreign students at the Academy, other than some rare cases of Russians being permitted to study there.<ref>Akamine, 94.</ref> Meanwhile, a number of other Ryukyuan scholar-aristocrats, traveling to [[Fuzhou]] as part of ships' crews, were encouraged to learn as much as they could about China during their time there. This system of sending students, funded and supported by the Ryukyuan court but with no recognition or authorization from the Chinese to be studying in China, was known as ''kingaku'' ("work-study"). While their counterparts in Beijing chiefly studied the Confucian classics and other formal subjects, these ''kingaku'' students were more likely to return to Ryûkyû with knowledge and skills in ''[[feng shui]]'', [[kanpo|herbal medicine]], calendrics, painting, music, interpretation/translation, and the like, picked up in somewhat less formal educational environments.

When the system began, it was only the children of kings and ''[[anji]]'' (high-ranking local/regional nobles), i.e. the community of [[Shuri]], the royal capital, who were able to study in Beijing; however, from the reign of [[Sho Shin|Shô Shin]] (r. [[1477]]-[[1526]]) onwards, children of scholar-aristocrat families from [[Kumemura]] began to be sent as well. For a time, it became standard for three students from Shuri, and three from Kumemura, to be sent at a time. Those whose travel and studies were paid for by the government were called ''kanshô'' ("government students"), while those who had to pay their own way were called ''kingaku'' ("work-study").<ref>Gallery labels, "Kuninda - Ryûkyû to Chûgoku no kakehashi," special exhibit, Okinawa Prefectural Museum, Sept 2014.</ref>

The first Ryukyuan students to travel to China as official ''kanshô'' students did so in [[1392]]. Three of them were named Nishimi<!--日孜毎-->, Eiji<!--仁悦慈-->, and Kohama<!--闊八馬-->.<ref name=tomi41>Tomiyama Kazuyuki, ''Ryûkyû ôkoku no gaikô to ôken'', Yoshikawa kôbunkan (2004), 41.</ref>  

Over the course of a 476 year period, from [[1392]] until [[1868]], with a hiatus of several decades between [[1579]] and the resumption of missions after the [[1644]] fall of the [[Ming Dynasty]], roughly 100 Ryukyuan students studied at the ''Guozijuan''. A much larger number of Ryukyuan students engaged in study at the two [[Ryukyu-kan|Ryûkyû-kan]], in [[Fuzhou]] and in [[Satsuma han|Kagoshima]].

 

 

Over the course of a 476 year period, from 1392 until [[1868]], with a hiatus of several decades between [[1579]] and the resumption of missions after the [[1644]] fall of the [[Ming Dynasty]], roughly 100 Ryukyuan students studied at the ''Guozijuan''. A much larger number of Ryukyuan students engaged in study at the two [[Ryukyu-kan|Ryûkyû-kan]], in [[Fuzhou]] and in [[Satsuma han|Kagoshima]].

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==References==

==References==

*"[http://ryukyushimpo.jp/news/storyid-41006-storytopic-121.html Kanshô]," Okinawa Compact Encyclopedia 沖縄コンパクト事典, Ryukyu Shimpo, 1 March 2003.

*"[http://ryukyushimpo.jp/news/storyid-41006-storytopic-121.html Kanshô]," Okinawa Compact Encyclopedia 沖縄コンパクト事典, Ryukyu Shimpo, 1 March 2003.

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