Changes

By [[1785]], there were over one hundred ''kabunakama'' in [[Osaka]] alone, including a number granted special privileges by the shogunate, but taxed heavily in exchange. Meanwhile, the shogunate exerted stronger control over the older guilds, known as ''[[za]]'', leaving the ''kabunakama'' with a relatively greater degree of autonomy.<ref name=hellyer86/>

By [[1785]], there were over one hundred ''kabunakama'' in [[Osaka]] alone, including a number granted special privileges by the shogunate, but taxed heavily in exchange. Meanwhile, the shogunate exerted stronger control over the older guilds, known as ''[[za]]'', leaving the ''kabunakama'' with a relatively greater degree of autonomy.<ref name=hellyer86/>

In the 1840s, ''[[roju|rōjū]]'' [[Mizuno Tadakuni]] attempted to do away with the ''kabunakama'', in order to combat monopolies, but this and many of his other reforms were resisted so strongly by the merchants of Osaka (and others) that he was forced to abandon his efforts. The ''kabunakama'' were all dissolved, however, in 1870 as the economy modernized and new forms of business associations appeared.

In the 1840s, ''[[roju|rôjû]]'' [[Mizuno Tadakuni]] attempted to do away with the ''kabunakama'', in order to combat monopolies, but this and many of his other reforms were resisted so strongly by the merchants of Osaka (and others) that he was forced to abandon his efforts. The ''kabunakama'' were all dissolved, however, in 1870 as the economy modernized and new forms of business associations appeared.

==References==

==References==