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Though taxation rates differed dramatically by region, farmers on average paid roughly 33-50% of their agricultural yields in taxes to their lords. For fishermen, the percentage of their catch was lower, around 20-40%. Throughout the period, only about one-third of taxes were paid in cash, with the rest paid in agricultural & other products and commodities.<ref name=craig71>Albert Craig, 71-72.</ref> Taxes were based on land surveys conducted chiefly in the 17th century; reassessments of agricultural productivity were rare in the 18th and 19th centuries, and tax rates remained largely stable.<ref name=craig79/>
Though taxation rates differed dramatically by region, farmers on average paid roughly 33-50% of their agricultural yields in taxes to their lords. For fishermen, the percentage of their catch was lower, around 20-40%. Throughout the period, only about one-third of taxes were paid in cash, with the rest paid in agricultural & other products and commodities.<ref name=craig71>Albert Craig, 71-72.</ref> Taxes were based on land surveys conducted chiefly in the 17th century; reassessments of agricultural productivity were rare in the 18th and 19th centuries, and tax rates remained largely stable.<ref name=craig79/>
The chief exports from Japan in this period were precious metals (chiefly [[silver]] and [[copper]]), especially in the first half of the period, and marine products, which were divided into two categories. ''Tawaramono'' (goods in rice straw bales) included dried abalone, shark fin, and sea cucumber, while another category, ''shoshiki kaisanbutsu'' ("various kinds marine products") included dried kelp and, as the term suggests, a variety of other marine products.<ref>Robert Hellyer, ''Defining Engagement'', Harvard University Press (2009), 55.</ref>
*kaikin
*kaikin