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*''Reign: [[1874]] Feb 13 - 1891 Jan 20''

*''Reign: [[1874]] Feb 13 - 1891 Jan 20''

David Kalākaua was the second-to-last reigning monarch of the Kingdom of [[Hawaii|Hawaiʻi]]. He was also the first foreign monarch to visit Japan; his meeting with the [[Meiji Emperor]] in [[1881]] set the stage for [[Japanese emigration to Hawaii]].

David Kalākaua was the second-to-last reigning monarch of the Kingdom of [[Hawaii|Hawaiʻi]]. He engaged in a world tour in [[1881]], visiting numerous countries and meeting with their leaders in order to enhance the prestige of the Hawaiian monarchy, familiarize himself with the royal practices of other nations, and to secure labor immigration agreements. In the process, he became the first head of state of any nation to circumnavigate the globe,<ref name=kamehiro>Stacy Kamehiro, ''The Arts of Kingship'', University of Hawaii Press (2009), 24.</ref> and the first foreign monarch to visit Japan freely;<ref>King [[Sho Nei|Shô Nei]] of the [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Kingdom of Ryûkyû]] had been taken to Japan as a prisoner of war in [[1609]]-[[1611]].</ref> Kalākaua's meeting with the [[Meiji Emperor]] in March of that year set the stage for [[Japanese emigration to Hawaii]].

The king and his party arrived in Japan aboard the British ship ''Oceanic'', sailing from San Francisco and arriving in [[Yokohama]] around 8 AM on March 4, 1881. They would then spend one day in Yokohama, twelve in [[Tokyo]], and the remaining six sightseeing in [[Kobe]], [[Kyoto]], [[Osaka]], traveling across the [[Inland Sea]], and in [[Nagasaki]]. After a stay of nineteen days, the king departed [[Nagasaki]] for [[Shanghai]] on March 22, around 5 PM, aboard the ''Tokio Maru''. Kalākaua kept a diary, and Armstrong published a book in [[1904]] based on his notes; however, unfortunately, the details of the king's private meeting with the Meiji Emperor went unrecorded.

The king and his party arrived in Japan aboard the British ship ''Oceanic'', sailing from San Francisco and arriving in [[Yokohama]] around 8 AM on March 4, 1881. They would then spend one day in Yokohama, twelve in [[Tokyo]], and the remaining six sightseeing in [[Kobe]], [[Kyoto]], [[Osaka]], traveling across the [[Inland Sea]], and in [[Nagasaki]]. After a stay of nineteen days, the king departed [[Nagasaki]] for [[Shanghai]] on March 22, around 5 PM, aboard the ''Tokio Maru''. Kalākaua kept a diary, and Armstrong published a book in [[1904]] based on his notes; however, unfortunately, the details of the king's private meeting with the Meiji Emperor went unrecorded.

==Reign==

==Reign==

Kalakaua took the throne in [[1874]], and is known for his active engagement on the international stage, and patronage of Hawaiian arts & culture.  

Kalakaua took the throne in [[1874]], and is known for his active engagement on the international stage and his patronage of Hawaiian arts & culture.  

Like the Meiji Emperor, he adopted numerous aspects of the trappings of European royalty, in order to advance ideas of the legitimacy of the Hawaiian Kingdom and seek respect from the Western powers. He had 'Iolani Palace built in a Western style, and furnished with Western-style furniture, much of it commissioned from master craftsmen in Germany and carved in Hawaii's native koa wood. Kalakaua also had 'Iolani wired for electricity and telephone before even Buckingham Palace or the White House enjoyed such amenities. The king himself wore Western-style military uniform, as the Meiji Emperor did, and adopted Western modes of court ritual and etiquette.

Like the Meiji Emperor, he adopted numerous aspects of the trappings of European royalty, in order to advance ideas of the legitimacy of the Hawaiian Kingdom and seek respect from the Western powers. He had 'Iolani Palace built in a Western style, and furnished with Western-style furniture, much of it commissioned from master craftsmen in Germany and carved in Hawaii's native koa wood. Kalakaua also had 'Iolani wired for electricity and telephone before even Buckingham Palace or the White House enjoyed such amenities. The king himself wore Western-style military uniform, as the Meiji Emperor did, and adopted Western modes of court ritual and etiquette.

In the following days, the king enjoyed tours of the government printing office, arsenal, paper factory, and school of civil engineering. In the course of discussions on March 6, the king offered to relinquish Hawaii's treaty rights to extraterritoriality in Japanese ports; ultimately, the Japanese rejected the offer, in order to avoid international relations complications. On March 8, the king was honored with a military parade; according to Armstrong, as many as 10,000 men participated in the parade. Kalākaua rode alongside the Emperor as they reviewed the troops. The following day, during tours of the naval academy, [[Fukiage Gardens]], and military barracks, the king was accompanied by the 15-year-old [[Prince Yamashina Sadamaro]]. Later in his stay, Kalākaua would propose to the emperor, through intermediaries, that Hawaiian [[Princess Kaiulani|Princess Kaʻiulani]], then six years old, be betrothed to Yamashina. This proposal was turned down, in letters from Prince Yamashina in January and from Foreign Minister Inoue Kaoru in February the following year.

In the following days, the king enjoyed tours of the government printing office, arsenal, paper factory, and school of civil engineering. In the course of discussions on March 6, the king offered to relinquish Hawaii's treaty rights to extraterritoriality in Japanese ports; ultimately, the Japanese rejected the offer, in order to avoid international relations complications. On March 8, the king was honored with a military parade; according to Armstrong, as many as 10,000 men participated in the parade. Kalākaua rode alongside the Emperor as they reviewed the troops. The following day, during tours of the naval academy, [[Fukiage Gardens]], and military barracks, the king was accompanied by the 15-year-old [[Prince Yamashina Sadamaro]]. Later in his stay, Kalākaua would propose to the emperor, through intermediaries, that Hawaiian [[Princess Kaiulani|Princess Kaʻiulani]], then six years old, be betrothed to Yamashina. This proposal was turned down, in letters from Prince Yamashina in January and from Foreign Minister Inoue Kaoru in February the following year.

Following a luncheon at the home of Prince and Princess Higashifushimi the previous day, on March 14, Kalākaua became the 13th person to be awarded the [[Order of the Chrysanthemum]], the highest order awarded by the Emperor of Japan. This took place in the main reception room at the Imperial Palace, where the king and his men had come for a formal luncheon. Dressed in all their formal clothes and orders, they were formally received by the emperor, who bestowed the Order of the Chrysanthemum upon the king, and the [[Order of the Rising Sun]] upon Judd and Armstrong. During the luncheon which followed, a telegram arrived informing everyone of the death of Emperor Alexander II of Russia. In accordance with European royal etiquette, both Kalākaua and his men, and the Japanese Imperial Court went into mourning; a number of events and entertainments which had been planned, including balls at the Masonic Fraternity in Yokohama and at the Enryôkan, were canceled.

Following a luncheon at the home of Prince and Princess Higashifushimi the previous day, on March 14, Kalākaua became the 13th person to be awarded the [[Order of the Chrysanthemum]], the highest order awarded by the Emperor of Japan. This took place in the main reception room at the Imperial Palace, where the king and his men had come for a formal luncheon. Dressed in all their formal clothes and orders, they were formally received by the emperor, who bestowed the Order of the Chrysanthemum upon the king, and the [[Order of the Rising Sun]] upon Judd and Armstrong. During the luncheon which followed, a telegram arrived informing everyone of the death of Emperor Alexander II of Russia. In accordance with European royal etiquette, both Kalākaua and his men, and the Japanese Imperial Court went into mourning; a number of events and entertainments which had been planned, including balls at the Masonic Fraternity in Yokohama and at the Enryôkan, were canceled.

*Masaji Marumoto, "Vignette of Early Hawaii-Japan Relations: Highlights of King Kalakaua's Sojourn in Japan on His Trip around the World as Recorded in His Personal Diary", ''Hawaiian Journal of History'' 10 (1976), 52-63.

*Masaji Marumoto, "Vignette of Early Hawaii-Japan Relations: Highlights of King Kalakaua's Sojourn in Japan on His Trip around the World as Recorded in His Personal Diary", ''Hawaiian Journal of History'' 10 (1976), 52-63.

*Matt Matsuda, ''Pacific Worlds'', Cambridge University Press (2012), 241-243, 246-249.

*Matt Matsuda, ''Pacific Worlds'', Cambridge University Press (2012), 241-243, 246-249.

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