Changes

In the Edo Period the term daimyo was standardized: it referred to a direct retainer of the [[shogun]] whose ''[[han]]'' (fief) was valued at least 10,000 [[koku]]. There were cases where a retainer of a daimyo had a han of over 10,000 koku, but they were not considered daimyo.<ref>An example is the [[Ando clan|Andô]] 安藤 family who were retainers of the [[Kii Tokugawa clan]]. They ruled the 38,000 koku han of Tanabe in [[Kii province]]. </ref>

In the Edo Period the term daimyo was standardized: it referred to a direct retainer of the [[shogun]] whose ''[[han]]'' (fief) was valued at least 10,000 [[koku]]. There were cases where a retainer of a daimyo had a han of over 10,000 koku, but they were not considered daimyo.<ref>An example is the [[Ando clan|Andô]] 安藤 family who were retainers of the [[Kii Tokugawa clan]]. They ruled the 38,000 koku han of Tanabe in [[Kii province]]. </ref>

[[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] divided the daimyo into two groups depending on their relationship to him at the time of the [[Battle of Sekigahara]] in [[1600]]. Those who were already his vassals at the time of the battle were considered ''fudai daimyô'' 譜代大名, (vassal daimyo).<ref> "Fudai" first meant generation after generation or a family tree, then someone one serving a lord generation after generation.</ref> All others were ''tozama daimyo'' 外様大名, or "outside lords." The ''tozama'' are often said to have been exclusively those who sided with Ieyasu's enemies at Sekigahara, but this is a misconception, and is strictly speaking incorrect. The ''tozama'' in fact included both the enemies of the Tokugawa, and those who were neutral in the Tokugawa-Ishida conflict, as well as the Tokugawa's most powerful allies; the latter were powerful enough to have not been ''subordinate'' to the Tokugawa in 1600, and should instead be seen as having been ''allies'' on a more or less equal basis with the Tokugawa.

[[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] divided the daimyo into two groups depending on their relationship to him at the time of the [[Battle of Sekigahara]] in [[1600]]. Those who were already his vassals at the time of the battle were considered ''fudai daimyô'' 譜代大名, (vassal daimyo).<ref> "Fudai" first meant generation after generation or a family tree, then someone one serving a lord generation after generation.</ref> All others were ''tozama daimyo'' 外様大名, or "outside lords." The ''tozama'' are often said to have been exclusively those who sided with Ieyasu's enemies at Sekigahara, but this is a misconception, and is strictly speaking incorrect. The ''tozama'' in fact included both the enemies of the Tokugawa, and those who were neutral in the Tokugawa-Ishida conflict, as well as the Tokugawa's most powerful allies; the latter were powerful enough to have not been ''subordinate'' to the Tokugawa in 1600, and should instead be seen as having been ''allies'' on a more or less equal basis with the Tokugawa.

These classes of ''daimyô'' were fixed for the duration of the Edo period; the shogunate altered ''daimyô'' ranking and territory at times, but ''daimyô'' were never shifted from one ''daimyô'' category to another. Ieyasu also set up a third class of ''daimyô'' consisting of his descendants,<ref>Of course, "descendants" in the Edo period meant descendants in the male line, including adopted heirs. Adoption of close relatives was preferred though, so even adopted heirs were often descendants of the same person.</ref> the ''shinpan daimyô'' 親藩大名, or "collateral daimyô."

These classes of ''daimyô'' were fixed for the duration of the Edo period; the shogunate altered ''daimyô'' ranking and territory at times, but ''daimyô'' were never shifted from one ''daimyô'' category to another. Ieyasu also set up a third class of ''daimyô'' consisting of his descendants,<ref>Of course, "descendants" in the Edo period meant descendants in the male line, including adopted heirs. Adoption of close relatives was preferred though, so even adopted heirs were often descendants of the same person.</ref> the ''shinpan daimyô'' 親藩大名, or "collateral daimyô."

==Fudai Daimyo==

===Fudai Daimyo===

Fudai daimyo were, with a few exceptions, vassals of Ieyasu before 1600 and their descendants. They included those who became daimyo during the Edo period,  mostly bureaucrats whose stipend was raised to 10,000 koku. Relatives of Ieyasu, most of whom were allowed to use his original name of Matsudaira, were also included in this class.  

Fudai daimyo were, with a few exceptions, vassals of Ieyasu before 1600 and their descendants. They included those who became daimyo during the Edo period,  mostly bureaucrats whose stipend was raised to 10,000 koku. Relatives of Ieyasu, most of whom were allowed to use his original name of Matsudaira, were also included in this class.  

The fudai daimyo, especially the lesser ones, and the hereditary vassals below daimyo rank were the bureaucracy of the shogunate. For many of the bureaucrats, their "han" were scattered pieces of land whose total income made up the required amount.

The fudai daimyo, especially the lesser ones, and the hereditary vassals below daimyo rank were the bureaucracy of the shogunate. For many of the bureaucrats, their "han" were scattered pieces of land whose total income made up the required amount.

==Tozama Daimyo==

===Tozama Daimyo===

Tozama daimyo were daimyo who had not been vassals of Ieyasu in 1600 and their descendants. Many of them, especially the greater ones, had close ties with the shogunate, including marriage ties, but they did not take part in the bureaucracy or concern themselves with national affairs, at least publicly. When in Edo, they presented themselves at court on stated occasions and sometimes were given special duties. Thus they could devote themselves to the affairs of their fief for the most part, even when in Edo. However, at the end of the Edo period the foreign threat drew them into national affairs, especially when [[Abe Masahiro]] started consulting them.

Tozama daimyo were daimyo who had not been vassals of Ieyasu in 1600 and their descendants. Many of them, especially the greater ones, had close ties with the shogunate, including marriage ties, but they did not take part in the bureaucracy or concern themselves with national affairs, at least publicly. When in Edo, they presented themselves at court on stated occasions and sometimes were given special duties. Thus they could devote themselves to the affairs of their fief for the most part, even when in Edo. However, at the end of the Edo period the foreign threat drew them into national affairs, especially when [[Abe Masahiro]] started consulting them.

The tozama daimyo were divided into two groups,  those who had come into prominence under [[Oda Nobunaga]] or [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]],'' shokuhô'' 織豊 daimyo such as Maeda, Hosokawa, Kuroda, Asano, Yamanouchi, Sengoku, etc., and the "Old families" ''kyûzoku'' 旧族 who had been prominent before, such as Date, Shimazu, Môri, Uesugi, Nabeshima, Sô, etc.  <ref>Hideyoshi had divided daimyo into fudai and tozama shortly before his death. "The fudai were those vassals who entered Toyotomi service young, voluntarily, without large holdings and during the early phases of Hideyoshi's career. The tozama, daimyo with independent land bases, submitted to the Toyotomi following alliance, negotiation, or defeat." ([[Mary Berry]], ''Hideyoshi,'' Harvard University Press, 1982, p. 68) Though I have not seen Hideyoshi's list, his fudai and tozama daimyo probably corresponded closely to the Edo Period Shokuhô/Kyûzoku distinction.</ref>  

The tozama daimyo were divided into two groups,  those who had come into prominence under [[Oda Nobunaga]] or [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]],'' shokuhô'' 織豊 daimyo such as Maeda, Hosokawa, Kuroda, Asano, Yamanouchi, Sengoku, etc., and the "Old families" ''kyûzoku'' 旧族 who had been prominent before, such as Date, Shimazu, Môri, Uesugi, Nabeshima, Sô, etc.  <ref>Hideyoshi had divided daimyo into fudai and tozama shortly before his death. "The fudai were those vassals who entered Toyotomi service young, voluntarily, without large holdings and during the early phases of Hideyoshi's career. The tozama, daimyo with independent land bases, submitted to the Toyotomi following alliance, negotiation, or defeat." ([[Mary Berry]], ''Hideyoshi,'' Harvard University Press, 1982, p. 68) Though I have not seen Hideyoshi's list, his fudai and tozama daimyo probably corresponded closely to the Edo Period Shokuhô/Kyûzoku distinction.</ref>  

==Shinpan Daimyo==

===Shinpan Daimyo===

These were descendants of Ieyasu. They were in theory advisors to the shogun, but they did not have a place in the bureaucracy. One main purpose was to provide an heir to the shogunate if necessary.

These were descendants of Ieyasu. They were in theory advisors to the shogun, but they did not have a place in the bureaucracy. One main purpose was to provide an heir to the shogunate if necessary.