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*''Chinese'': [[朱]]熹 ''(Zhu Xi)''
*''Chinese'': [[朱]]熹 ''(Zhu Xi)''
Zhu Xi was a prominent [[Neo-Confucianism|Neo-Confucian]] scholar of China's [[Song Dynasty]]. He is credited with spurring an explosion of private academies in the 12th-13th centuries, and is known for his emphasis on the importance of the inclusion of humanistic values and morality in formal study.
Zhu Xi was a prominent [[Neo-Confucianism|Neo-Confucian]] scholar of China's [[Song Dynasty]]. His interpretations of [[Confucianism|Confucian]] doctrine, including the concepts of ''[[li (principle)|li]]'', ''[[qi]]'', and ''[[ren]]'', and his determinations as to which of the Confucian Classics should be studied, became, from the 14th century or so onwards, the orthodox form of "traditional" Confucian learning studied, practiced, and employed in [[Chinese investiture exams|Confucian exams]] throughout East Asia.
The Song Imperial Court had established hundreds of state-sponsored schools throughout the country, designed to train young men for the [[Chinese imperial examinations]], through which candidates could earn positions in the imperial bureaucracy. Zhu Xi felt that these schools focused too heavily on rote memorization, stifled creative thinking, and lacked sufficient moral purpose and humanistic learning in their curricula. His arguments inspired the establishment of roughly 140 private academies in the 12th and 13th centuries, dedicated to a slightly more flexible mode of teaching the [[Confucian classics]], in which philosophical discussion, creative thinking, and moral purpose occupied a larger space in the curriculum. Many families who agreed with Zhu Xi's ideals, or who believed these methods would lead to greater intellectual & career success, enrolled their children in these academies; many others enrolled their children in private academies chiefly because their children might find greater success in the examinations purely based on the prestige of the names of their teachers.
Zhu is credited with spurring an explosion of private academies in the 12th-13th centuries, and is known for his emphasis on the importance of the inclusion of practical learning, as well as humanistic values and morality, in formal study. The Song Imperial Court had established hundreds of state-sponsored schools throughout the country, designed to train young men for the [[Chinese imperial examinations]], through which candidates could earn positions in the imperial bureaucracy. Zhu Xi felt that these schools focused too heavily on rote memorization, stifled creative thinking, and lacked sufficient moral purpose and humanistic learning in their curricula. His arguments inspired the establishment of roughly 140 private academies in the 12th and 13th centuries, dedicated to a slightly more flexible mode of teaching the [[Confucian classics]], in which philosophical discussion, creative thinking, and moral purpose occupied a larger space in the curriculum. Many families who agreed with Zhu Xi's ideals, or who believed these methods would lead to greater intellectual & career success, enrolled their children in these academies; many others enrolled their children in private academies chiefly because their children might find greater success in the examinations purely based on the prestige of the names of their teachers.
Zhu Xi's attitudes and approaches were rather non-orthodox in his time; however, in later centuries, the civil examination system shifted, and embraced his approaches and ideals as the new orthodox method for studying, and applying, the Confucian classics.
==Teachings==
Zhu Xi, drawing upon the ideas of the brothers [[Cheng Hao]] ([[1032]]-[[1085]]) and [[Cheng Yi]] ([[1033]]-[[1107]]), postulated a universe comprised of ''qi'' 氣 - the material/energy essence that composes all things - and ''li'' 理 - the fundamental guiding principle by which all things are what they are. He identified ''li'' as a "pattern" within the broader, more general path that is The Way (the [[Tao]]), and exhorted his students to understand the fundamental concepts of ''qi'' and ''li'', rather than simply studying how to behave; Zhu is quoted as saying, "Compare this to a person walking along a road ... If he does not see [the road], how can he walk on it?"<ref>Ebrey (trans.) in Ebrey, 173.</ref>
In his conception, ''li'' contains within it humanity, propriety, wisdom, and righteousness, while ''qi'' consists of the five elements: wood, fire, water, earth, and metal. All things are composed of ''qi'', organized into a given form by the immaterial ''li'' contained within all ''qi''. ''Li'' existed before all things, and when ''qi'' coalesced to form Heaven and Earth, and all the things within the two, it did so as guided by ''li''.
Aside from his more philosophical or conceptual teachings, politically, Zhu Xi was a powerful advocate for the inclusion of practical knowledge in the education and testing of Confucian scholars. Zhu Xi's attitudes and approaches were rather non-orthodox in his time; however, in later centuries, the civil examination system shifted, and embraced his approaches and ideals as the new orthodox method for studying, and applying, the Confucian classics.
==References==
==References==
*Bonnie Smith et al. ''Crossroads and Cultures''. Bedford/St. Martins (2012), 431.
*Bonnie Smith et al. ''Crossroads and Cultures''. Bedford/St. Martins (2012), 431.
*Patricia Ebrey, ''Chinese Civilization'', Second Edition, New York: The Free Press (1993), 172-177.
*"The Synthesis of Sung Neo-Confucianism in Chu Hsi", in William Theodore de Bary et al, eds., ''Sources of Chinese Tradition'', Columbia University Press (1960), 534-557.
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[[Category:Scholars and Philosophers]]
[[Category:Scholars and Philosophers]]
[[Category:Heian Period]]
[[Category:Heian Period]]