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Though scholars generally assume publishers to have obtained the necessary information from the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] itself, [[Peter Kornicki]] points out that in [[1844]], the shogunate asked two publishers what their sources were - a strong indication that their sources were not, in fact, the shogunate. The two publishers, [[Subaraya Mohei]] and [[Izumoji Bunjiro|Izumoji Bunjirô]], revealed that observing comings & goings at the gates to [[Edo castle]] played a large role in their collection of information. ''[[Daimyo|Daimyô]]'' households are, further, known to have occasionally paid publishers to be included in a more prominent place in these guides, i.e. earlier in the order of the listing of houses.
Though scholars generally assume publishers to have obtained the necessary information from the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] itself, [[Peter Kornicki]] points out that in [[1844]], the shogunate asked two publishers what their sources were - a strong indication that their sources were not, in fact, the shogunate. The two publishers, [[Subaraya Mohei]] and [[Izumoji Bunjiro|Izumoji Bunjirô]], revealed that observing comings & goings at the gates to [[Edo castle]] played a large role in their collection of information. ''[[Daimyo|Daimyô]]'' households are, further, known to have occasionally paid publishers to be included in a more prominent place in these guides, i.e. earlier in the order of the listing of houses.
As with maps, the purchase and use of ''bukan'' by foreigners, and most especially their export, was forbidden, as the contents were considered sensitive information.
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