Changes

*''Japanese'': 古川古松軒 ''(Furukawa Koshouken)''

*''Japanese'': 古川古松軒 ''(Furukawa Koshouken)''

Furukawa Koshôken was a native of [[Bitchu province|Bitchû province]] known chiefly for his accounts of his travels in Kyûshû and Tôhoku. A student or scholar of various fields, especially geography, he was responsible for a number of official regional surveys.

Furukawa Koshôken was a native of [[Bitchu province|Bitchû province]] known chiefly for his accounts of his travels in Kyûshû and Tôhoku. A student or scholar of various fields, especially geography, he was responsible for a number of official regional surveys. After spending most of his life as a commoner, he was granted samurai status and a small stipend at the age of 69.

Born into a family of physicians who sold herbal medicines, Koshôken grew up in the village of Shinbon in Bitchû's Kibi district (today, the town of Mikibi in [[Okayama prefecture]]). He took his penname, which literally means "house of the old pine," from an old pine tree in his family's garden. In the autobiographical ''Koshôken zakki'', he characterizes himself as a rebellious teenager, and writes that he often spent time with children of lower classes.

Born into a family of physicians who sold herbal medicines, Koshôken grew up in the village of Shinbon in Bitchû's Kibi district (today, the town of Mikibi in [[Okayama prefecture]]). He took his penname, which literally means "house of the old pine," from an old pine tree in his family's garden. In the autobiographical ''Koshôken zakki'', he characterizes himself as a rebellious teenager, and writes that he often spent time with children of lower classes.

Some sources indicate that he journeyed to [[Nagasaki]] at age 32 to study [[Rangaku|Dutch medicine]], but his ''Saiyû zakki'' (Various Accounts of Journeys to the West) indicates that his [[1783]] visit to Nagasaki (around age 57) was his first. He documented his travels around Kyûshû fairly extensively, but writes in the preface to the final version of ''Saiyû zakki'' that he lost much of his writings from that time when his house flooded, and had to fill in the details afterwards, from memory. The journey from [[Arita]] to [[Nagoya (Saga)|Nagoya]] in [[Saga province]] is completely missing from the extant manuscripts, but what remains describes in great detail his journeys in the [[Chugoku region|Chûgoku region]] on his way to Kyûshû, and to/in [[Moji]], Nagasaki, [[Kagoshima]], [[Dazaifu (city)|Dazaifu]], [[Shimonoseki]] and elsewhere, along with his thoughts and reactions to what he discovered there.  

Some sources indicate that he journeyed to [[Nagasaki]] at age 32 to study [[Rangaku|Dutch medicine]], but his ''Saiyû zakki'' (Various Accounts of Journeys to the West) indicates that his [[1783]] visit to Nagasaki (around age 57) was his first. He documented his travels around Kyûshû fairly extensively, but writes in the preface to the final version of ''Saiyû zakki'' that he lost much of his writings from that time when his house flooded, and had to fill in the details afterwards, from memory. The journey from [[Arita]] to [[Nagoya (Saga)|Nagoya]] in [[Saga province]] is completely missing from the extant manuscripts, but what remains describes in great detail his journeys in the [[Chugoku region|Chûgoku region]] on his way to Kyûshû, and to/in [[Moji]], Nagasaki, [[Kagoshima]], [[Dazaifu (city)|Dazaifu]], [[Shimonoseki]] and elsewhere, along with his thoughts and reactions to what he discovered there.  

In Kagoshima, he met with a number of Ryukyuans, and praised their dedication and talent for studying the classics, and for arts and poetry, describing as well their dress, hairstyle, and physiognomy. In the village of [[Noshiro]], in [[Satsuma province]], he found a community of descendants of Koreans kidnapped during [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]]'s [[Korean Invasions]] of the 1590s, and forbidden from intermarrying and from adopting Japanese customs or dress even until this point, nearly 200 years later. He describes them with fascination and interest as well, leveling comments of disdain or disappointment never at foreigners, and only at provincial Japanese, who he describes at times as having "base customs," or as otherwise displaying less class, or a less cultured status, than those less geographically remote from the cultural centers of [[Kamigata]] and [[Edo]]. The same is seen in his descriptions of the [[Chinese in Nagasaki|Chinese]] and Dutch, in the sections on Nagasaki, where he visited the ''tôjinmachi'' (Chinatown), and met with local ''[[Rangaku]]'' scholars such as [[Yoshio Kosaku|Yoshio Kôsaku]]. He was unable to enter [[Dejima]], of course, but stood just outside and recorded what he observed through the gates. In all of his travels, Koshôken also displays considerable skepticism regarding local legends, something rather uncharacteristic of travelogues and travel guides of the Edo period.

In Kagoshima, he met with a number of Ryukyuans, and praised their dedication and talent for studying the classics, and for arts and poetry, describing as well their dress, hairstyle, and physiognomy. In the village of [[Noshiro]], in [[Satsuma province]], he found a community of descendants of Koreans kidnapped during [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]]'s [[Korean Invasions]] of the 1590s, and forbidden from intermarrying and from adopting Japanese customs or dress even until this point, nearly 200 years later. He describes them with fascination and interest as well, leveling comments of disdain or disappointment never at foreigners, and only at provincial Japanese, who he describes at times as having "base customs," or as otherwise displaying less class, or a less cultured status, than those less geographically remote from the cultural centers of [[Kamigata]] and [[Edo]]. The same is seen in his descriptions of the [[Chinese in Nagasaki|Chinese]] and Dutch, in the sections on Nagasaki, where he visited the ''tôjinmachi'' (Chinatown), and met with local ''[[Rangaku]]'' scholars such as [[Yoshio Kosaku|Yoshio Kôsaku]]. He was unable to enter [[Dejima]], of course, but stood just outside and recorded what he observed through the gates.  

 

In all of his travels, Koshôken also displays considerable skepticism regarding local legends, something rather uncharacteristic of travelogues and travel guides of the Edo period. He was also dismissive of religious orders, and while not critical of the shogunate, could at times be quite harsh towards local daimyô. After being pushed to the side of the road by the procession of the lord of Sendai on one occasion, he later wrote of the considerable moral weakness of [[Sendai han]]; similarly, he wrote that the manners and customs of the common people were determined by whether their lord was good or bad, and criticized the lords of [[Akita han]] for imposing too heavy a tax burden.

Koshôken's second major journey took place in [[1787]]-[[1788]], when his Edo-based mentor Nagakubo Sekisui recommended him to the shogunate, and he was invited to accompany a shogunal inspection tour of Tôhoku and [[Ezo]], led by ''[[hatamoto]]'' [[Fujisawa Sukenaga]]. Koshôken documented the journey in a text titled ''Tôyû zakki'', or "Various Records of a Journey to the East," the title complementing that of his Kyûshû diary. The party totalled 107 men, and Koshôken writes that conditions were difficult in various respects, and travel restricted, e.g. often to specific roads. Though commenting with interest on geography, placenames, and history or legends associated with given places, he complained about the incomprehensibility of regional dialects, of the many inaccuracies of the descriptions and maps in [[Hayashi Shihei]]'s ''[[Sangoku Tsuran Zusetsu|Sangoku Tsûran Zusetsu]]'', and of various aspects of the journey besides. It is said that Koshôken's criticisms in his report to ''[[roju|rôjû]]'' [[Matsudaira Sadanobu]] may have been a key factor leading to Shihei's house arrest in [[1792]] and the destruction by the authorities of the printing blocks for ''Sangoku Tsûran Zusetsu'' and another of Shihei's works.

Koshôken's second major journey took place in [[1787]]-[[1788]], when his Edo-based mentor Nagakubo Sekisui recommended him to the shogunate, and he was invited to accompany a shogunal inspection tour of Tôhoku and [[Ezo]], led by ''[[hatamoto]]'' [[Fujisawa Sukenaga]]. Koshôken documented the journey in a text titled ''Tôyû zakki'', or "Various Records of a Journey to the East," the title complementing that of his Kyûshû diary. The party totalled 107 men, and Koshôken writes that conditions were difficult in various respects, and travel restricted, e.g. often to specific roads. Though commenting with interest on geography, placenames, and history or legends associated with given places, he complained about the incomprehensibility of regional dialects, of the many inaccuracies of the descriptions and maps in [[Hayashi Shihei]]'s ''[[Sangoku Tsuran Zusetsu|Sangoku Tsûran Zusetsu]]'', and of various aspects of the journey besides. It is said that Koshôken's criticisms in his report to ''[[roju|rôjû]]'' [[Matsudaira Sadanobu]] may have been a key factor leading to Shihei's house arrest in [[1792]] and the destruction by the authorities of the printing blocks for ''Sangoku Tsûran Zusetsu'' and another of Shihei's works.

Some time after beginning their travels in Ezo, the party met with representatives of the [[Ainu]], who Koshôken describes as he did the Ryukyuans, Koreans, Chinese, and Dutch he met in the south; he shows great fascination for foreign cultures, and describes in detail what he saw of Ainu dress and customs, writing of the Ainu in mostly positive terms. For example, he describes them as an honest people, simple and sincere, who rarely commit adultery and who punish it severely, and who mourn deeply. Importantly, he does not describe the Ainu as undeveloped or inferior in any way, or recommend any project of Japanization, colonization, or assimilation be undertaken. As a member of a formal shogunate party, Koshôken was privileged to meet with the lord of [[Matsumae han]], among others, on the way back.

Some time after beginning their travels in Ezo, the party met with representatives of the [[Ainu]], who Koshôken describes as he did the Ryukyuans, Koreans, Chinese, and Dutch he met in the south; he shows great fascination for foreign cultures, and describes in detail what he saw of Ainu dress and customs, writing of the Ainu in mostly positive terms. For example, he describes them as an honest people, simple and sincere, who rarely commit adultery and who punish it severely, and who mourn deeply. Importantly, he does not describe the Ainu as undeveloped or inferior in any way, or recommend any project of Japanization, colonization, or assimilation be undertaken. As a member of a formal shogunate party, Koshôken was privileged to meet with the lord of [[Matsumae han]], among others, on the way back.

==References==

==References==

*"[http://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%9D%E5%8F%A4%E6%9D%BE%E8%BB%92 Furukawa Koshôken]." ''Asahi Nihon rekishi jinbutsu jiten'' 朝日日本歴史人物事典. Asahi Shimbun Publishing.

*"[http://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%9D%E5%8F%A4%E6%9D%BE%E8%BB%92 Furukawa Koshôken]." ''Asahi Nihon rekishi jinbutsu jiten'' 朝日日本歴史人物事典. Asahi Shimbun Publishing.

*Plutschow, Hebert. ''A Reader in Edo Period Travel''. Global Oriental Ltd, 2006. pp89-121.

*Plutschow, Hebert. ''A Reader in Edo Period Travel''. Global Oriental Ltd, 2006. pp89-121.