Changes

Descendants of Ieyasu granted land were known as ''[[shinpan]]''. Ieyasu gave his sons the provinces of [[Owari province|Owari]] (Nagoya), [[Kii province|Kii]], and [[Echizen province|Echizen]], and  [[Mito han|Mito]] in [[Hitachi province|Hitachi]] in the [[Kanto|Kantô]] Plain. Important Tokugawa retainers were made ''[[fudai]] daimyô'' and given territories in the Kantô or [[Kinai]] (the center of the country), or in strategic locations, such as overseeing important points along the [[Tokaido|Tôkaidô]] highway, or watching over the last group of ''daimyô'', the ''[[tozama]] daimyô''<ref>Sansom. p3.</ref>. The ''tozama'' were those who had not been retainers of Ieyasu at Sekigahara, whether they had supported him or not. Many of them held the largest, wealthiest and most powerful territories, and most were allowed by the shogunate to keep their lands in exchange for their loyalty. (One sometimes reads that the ''tozama'' were enemies of Ieyasu at Sekigahara, but that is a mistake.)

Descendants of Ieyasu granted land were known as ''[[shinpan]]''. Ieyasu gave his sons the provinces of [[Owari province|Owari]] (Nagoya), [[Kii province|Kii]], and [[Echizen province|Echizen]], and  [[Mito han|Mito]] in [[Hitachi province|Hitachi]] in the [[Kanto|Kantô]] Plain. Important Tokugawa retainers were made ''[[fudai]] daimyô'' and given territories in the Kantô or [[Kinai]] (the center of the country), or in strategic locations, such as overseeing important points along the [[Tokaido|Tôkaidô]] highway, or watching over the last group of ''daimyô'', the ''[[tozama]] daimyô''<ref>Sansom. p3.</ref>. The ''tozama'' were those who had not been retainers of Ieyasu at Sekigahara, whether they had supported him or not. Many of them held the largest, wealthiest and most powerful territories, and most were allowed by the shogunate to keep their lands in exchange for their loyalty. (One sometimes reads that the ''tozama'' were enemies of Ieyasu at Sekigahara, but that is a mistake.)

The Tokugawa state has been described as a "compound state"<ref>Ravina, Mark. "State-Building and Political Economy in Early-Modern Japan." ''Journal of Asian Studies''. 54:4 (Nov 1995). p1017.</ref>, not a single unified state under a central government with absolute powers. On the contrary, the ''han'' enjoyed a considerable degree of independence, and the shogunate very rarely made efforts to directly impose or enforce policy within a domain, circumventing the authority of the ''daimyô''. Within a domain, the ''daimyô'' had more authority, or rather more direct authority, than the shogunate. For this reason, a variety of systems were established to ensure the peace and to prevent ''daimyô'' rebellion.

The Tokugawa state has been described as a "compound state"<ref>Ravina, Mark. "State-Building and Political Economy in Early-Modern Japan." ''Journal of Asian Studies''. 54:4 (Nov 1995). p1017.</ref>, not a single unified state under a central government with absolute powers. The shogunate exerted direct control over roughly 15 percent of the archipelago, or roughly four million ''[[koku]]'' worth of lands. The ''[[hatamoto]]'' (direct vassals of the shogunate) controlled roughly ten percent, while about 500,000 ''koku'' worth of land was controlled by the Imperial family, major temples, and other such groups. The remaining 75 percent of the archipelago was controlled by the ''daimyô'', who enjoyed a considerable degree of independence in the internal affairs of their domains (''han'').<ref>Ravina. "State-Building." p1000.</ref>. Within a domain, the ''daimyô'' had more authority, or rather more direct authority, than the shogunate, which very rarely made efforts to directly impose or enforce policy within a domain. For this reason, a variety of systems were established to ensure the peace and to prevent ''daimyô'' rebellion.

Each ''han'' was ordered in 1615 to destroy all but one castle in its territory<ref>Sakai, Robert. "Feudal Society and Modern Leadership in Satsuma-han." ''Journal of Asian Studies'' 16:3 (May 1957). pp366-7.</ref>, and was not allowed to make repairs or expansions upon the domain's defenses without shogunate approval. Samurai were restricted to the castle towns, so as to prevent them from organizing rebellions or building armies in the countryside, and marriages between ''daimyô'' clans, which could represent the beginnings of alliances, were similarly forbidden without shogunate approval<ref>Sansom. pp7-8.</ref>. The ''[[sankin kotai|sankin kôtai]]'' system was another key element of these restrictive measures. Initially voluntary, the system was made mandatory in 1635; ''daimyô'' were obligated to maintain a residence in Edo, where members of their close family would reside as hostages against the ''daimyô's'' disobedience or rebellion. The ''daimyô'' were also obligated to make annual journeys to Edo<ref>Sansom. p20f.</ref>, and to reside there for half of each year; the massive expenses associated with these journeys served to place limits on even the wealth of the most powerful ''daimyô''.

Each ''han'' was ordered in 1615 to destroy all but one castle in its territory<ref>Sakai, Robert. "Feudal Society and Modern Leadership in Satsuma-han." ''Journal of Asian Studies'' 16:3 (May 1957). pp366-7.</ref>, and was not allowed to make repairs or expansions upon the domain's defenses without shogunate approval. Samurai were restricted to the castle towns, so as to prevent them from organizing rebellions or building armies in the countryside, and marriages between ''daimyô'' clans, which could represent the beginnings of alliances, were similarly forbidden without shogunate approval<ref>Sansom. pp7-8.</ref>. The ''[[sankin kotai|sankin kôtai]]'' system was another key element of these restrictive measures. Initially voluntary, the system was made mandatory in 1635; ''daimyô'' were obligated to maintain a residence in Edo, where members of their close family would reside as hostages against the ''daimyô's'' disobedience or rebellion. The ''daimyô'' were also obligated to make annual journeys to Edo<ref>Sansom. p20f.</ref>, and to reside there for half of each year; the massive expenses associated with these journeys served to place limits on even the wealth of the most powerful ''daimyô''.

==Political Structures==

==Political Structures==

*bakuhan taisei, Shogun, Roju, Hatamoto, Daimyo (fudai and tozama)

*bakuhan taisei, Shogun, Roju, Hatamoto, Daimyo (fudai and tozama)

==Economy and Trade==

==Economy and Trade==