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| * ''Born:[[1835]]/11/15'' | | * ''Born:[[1835]]/11/15'' |
| * ''Died:[[1867]]/12/10'' | | * ''Died:[[1867]]/12/10'' |
− | * Japanese: 坂本竜馬 ''(Sakamoto Ryôma)'' | + | * ''Other name: Saitani Umetarô'' |
− | | + | * ''Japanese'': 坂本龍馬直柔 ''(Sakamoto Ryôma Naonari)'' |
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| + | [[Image:Ryoma.jpg|frame|right|Photograph of '''Sakamoto Ryoma''']] |
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| ==Sakamoto Ryôma Timeline== | | ==Sakamoto Ryôma Timeline== |
| * [[1835]] Born on November 15 in Tosa as the second son into the [[Goshi|Gôshi]] (low ranking samurai) household of Sakamoto Hachihei Naotari | | * [[1835]] Born on November 15 in Tosa as the second son into the [[Goshi|Gôshi]] (low ranking samurai) household of Sakamoto Hachihei Naotari |
− | * [[1848]] Started studying swordsmanship at the local dojo and quickly became one of the dojo’s most gifted students. | + | * [[1848]] Started studying swordsmanship at the local dôjô and quickly became one of the dôjô’s most gifted students. |
| * [[1853]] Completed his training in swordsmanship and received his certificate | | * [[1853]] Completed his training in swordsmanship and received his certificate |
− | **Began advanced training in swordsmanship at the famed Chiba dojo in Edo (Tokyo) | + | **Began advanced training in swordsmanship at the famed Chiba dôjô in [[Edo]]. |
− | **Saw the U.S. Navy “black ships” under the command of Commodore Matthew Perry, rousing feelings of both curiosity and a strong anti-foreign zeal | + | **Saw the U.S. Navy “black ships” under the command of Commodore [[Matthew Perry]], rousing feelings of both curiosity and a strong anti-foreign zeal |
− | * [[1854]] Completed his training at the Chiba dojo and returned to Tosa where he learned more about the West from scholar Kawada Shoryo | + | * [[1854]] Completed his training at the Chiba dôjô and returned to Tosa where he learned more about the West from scholar [[Kawada Shoryo]] |
| * [[1858]] Returned to Edo to receive his license in swordsmanship from the Chiba dojo | | * [[1858]] Returned to Edo to receive his license in swordsmanship from the Chiba dojo |
− | * [[1861]] Joined the Tosa Loyalist Party, led by longtime friend, Takechi Zuizan (Hanpeita), with the aim of expelling the foreigners and restoring power to the emperor | + | * [[1861]] Joined the [[Tosa han|Tosa]] Loyalist Party, led by longtime friend, [[Takechi Zuizan]] (Hanpeita), with the aim of expelling the foreigners and restoring power to the emperor |
| * [[1862]] Fled Tosa without han permission to become a ronin in Edo to work with other loyalists to push their [[Sonno|Sonnô]] [[Joi|Jôi]] agenda | | * [[1862]] Fled Tosa without han permission to become a ronin in Edo to work with other loyalists to push their [[Sonno|Sonnô]] [[Joi|Jôi]] agenda |
| ** Sets out to assassinate [[Katsu Kaishu]], commissioner of the Tokugawa navy, due to his calls for opening up the country to foreign trade. Instead of killing him, Ryoma becomes one of Katsu’s disciples | | ** Sets out to assassinate [[Katsu Kaishu]], commissioner of the Tokugawa navy, due to his calls for opening up the country to foreign trade. Instead of killing him, Ryoma becomes one of Katsu’s disciples |
− | * [[1863]] Katsu secures a pardon for Ryoma for leaving Tosa, but he refuses han orders to return, remaining an “outlaw” ronin | + | * [[1863]] Katsu secures a pardon for Ryoma for leaving Tosa, but he refuses han orders to return, remaining an “outlaw” [[Ronin|Rônin]] |
− | ** Put in charge of the Kaientai, in Kobe, an auxiliary naval training unit established by Katsu Kaishu | + | ** Put in charge of the [[Kaientai]], in Kobe, an auxiliary naval training unit established by Katsu Kaishu |
− | ** Introduced to Yokoi Shonan, an influential loyalist from Fukui, who advocated opening the country | + | ** Introduced to [[Yokoi Shonan]], an influential loyalist from Fukui, who advocated opening the country |
− | * [[1864]] Met [[Saigo Takamori|Saigô Takamori]], a Satsuma loyalist leader, one of the future masterminds behind the future overthrow of the Tokugawa bakufu | + | * [[1864]] Met [[Saigo Takamori|Saigô Takamori]], a [[Satsuma han|Satsuma]] loyalist leader, one of the future masterminds behind the future overthrow of the Tokugawa bakufu |
| * [[1865]] Established Japan’s first foreign trading company, the Kameyama-shachu in Nagasaki, with the help of Saigo, to run supplies to loyalists in Choshu. | | * [[1865]] Established Japan’s first foreign trading company, the Kameyama-shachu in Nagasaki, with the help of Saigo, to run supplies to loyalists in Choshu. |
− | ** Met Choshu loyalist leader Katsura Kogoro and begins to push longtime enemies, Satsuma and Choshu to form an anti-Tokugawa alliance | + | ** Met [[Choshu han|Chôshu]] loyalist leader [[Katsura Kogoro|Katsura Kogorô]] and begins to push longtime enemies, Satsuma and Choshu to form an anti-Tokugawa alliance |
− | * [[1866]] Successfully brokered the secret military alliance between Satsuma and Choshu that will seal the fate of the Tokugawa bakufu. | + | * [[1866]] Successfully brokered the secret military alliance between Satsuma and Choshu that will seal the fate of the [[Tokugawa clan|Tokugawa]] [[Bakufu]]. |
− | ** One night after the conclusion of the Satsuma-Choshu alliance, Ryoma fights his way out of the [Teradaya] using a Smith & Wesson revolver during a raid by pro-bakufu police forces. | + | ** One night after the conclusion of the Satsuma-Choshu alliance, Ryoma fights his way out of the [[Teradaya]] using a Smith & Wesson revolver during a raid by pro-bakufu police forces. |
− | [[1867]] Received a second pardon from Tosa | + | ** On the advice of [[Komatsu Tatewaki]] and Saigô Takamori, travels to [[Satsuma province]] with his wife Oryô, to spend time in the [[onsen]] recovering from his wounds. They stay for a time at Komatsu's home, and later visit [[Kirishima]] as well.<ref>Historical plaques at corner of Miami and Izuro-dôri in Kagoshima.</ref> |
| + | *[[1867]] Received a second pardon from Tosa |
| ** Reorganized the Kameyama-shachu into the Tosa-Kaientai, and is appointed its head. | | ** Reorganized the Kameyama-shachu into the Tosa-Kaientai, and is appointed its head. |
| ** While running guns, the Kaintai vessel lroha is struck by a vessel belonging to Kii. Ryoma files a law suit under the premise that the Kii ship violated the laws of the sea as stipulated under international law. Receives an out-of-court settlement. | | ** While running guns, the Kaintai vessel lroha is struck by a vessel belonging to Kii. Ryoma files a law suit under the premise that the Kii ship violated the laws of the sea as stipulated under international law. Receives an out-of-court settlement. |
| ** Formulated his Eight-Point Program, calling for a new government structure to replace the Tokugawa baku-han system. | | ** Formulated his Eight-Point Program, calling for a new government structure to replace the Tokugawa baku-han system. |
− | ** [[Gotô Shôjirô|Goto Shojiro]], head of the Tosa bureaucracy, passes a written memorial calling for the immediate restoration of imperial rule and a new government based on Ryoma’s Eight-Point Program to the leader of Tosa, [Yamauchi Yodo], who passes the document to the bakufu. | + | ** [[Goto Shôjiro|Gotô Shojirô]], head of the Tosa bureaucracy, passes a written memorial calling for the immediate restoration of imperial rule and a new government based on Ryoma’s Eight-Point Program to the leader of Tosa, [[Yamauchi Yodo|Yamauchi Yôdô]], who passes the document to the bakufu. |
| **[[Tokugawa Yoshinobu]], accepts the memorial from Tosa and resigns as Shogun, returning political power to the imperial court. | | **[[Tokugawa Yoshinobu]], accepts the memorial from Tosa and resigns as Shogun, returning political power to the imperial court. |
− | **Assassinated with fellow Tosa loyalist, Nakaoka Shintaro by pro-bakufu forces on December 10 | + | **Assassinated with fellow Tosa loyalist, [[Nakaoka Shintaro|Nakaoka Shintarô]] by pro-bakufu forces on December 10 |
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| + | ==Sakamoto's 8 Point Plan for Imperial Restoration and Governance== |
| + | {{:Eight Point Plan}} |
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| + | ==Sakamoto Ryoma in Fiction== |
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| + | ===Movies=== |
| + | * Sakamoto Ryoma (坂本龍馬) 1911 Yokota Shokai |
| + | * Sakamoto Ryoma (坂本龍馬) 1914 |
| + | * Sakamoto Ryoma (坂本龍馬) 1911 Yoshizawa Shokai |
| + | * Sakamoto Ryoma (坂本龍馬) 1921 |
| + | * Sakamoto Ryoma (坂本龍馬) 1924 |
| + | * Ryoma Ansatsu (竜馬暗殺) 1927 |
| + | * Sakamoto Ryoma (坂本龍馬) 1928 |
| + | * Sakamoto Ryoma (坂本龍馬) 1928 |
| + | * Kaien Taicho Sakamoto Ryoma (海援隊長 坂本龍馬) 1931 |
| + | * Kaien Taicho Sakamoto Ryoma Kyoraku-hen(海援隊長 阪本竜馬 京洛篇) 1931 |
| + | * Sakamoto Ryoma (坂本龍馬) 1932 |
| + | * Sakamoto Ryoma (坂本龍馬) 1936 |
| + | * Bakumatsu (幕末) 1970 (Director:Ito Daisuke) |
| + | * Ryoma Ansatsu (竜馬暗殺) 1974 (Director:Kuroki Kazuo) |
| + | * Bakumatsu Seishun Grafiti Ronin Sakamoto Ryoma (幕末青春グラフィティ Ronin 坂本龍馬) 1986 (Director:Kawai Yoshitaka) |
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| + | ===Television=== |
| + | * Sakamoto Ryoma (坂本龍馬) 1958 NTV |
| + | * Bakumatsu Monogatari Sakamoto Ryoma-hen (幕末物語 坂本龍馬編) 1959 MBS |
| + | * Ryoma ga Yuku (竜馬がゆく) 1965 MBS |
| + | * Ryoma ga Yuku (竜馬がゆく) 6th NHK Taiga Drama 1968 |
| + | * Ryoma ga Yuku (竜馬がゆく) 1982 TX |
| + | * Bakumatsu Seishun Grafiti Sakamoto Ryoma (幕末青春グラフィティ 坂本竜馬) 1982 NTV |
| + | * Sakamoto Ryoma (坂本龍馬) 1989 TBS |
| + | * Ryoma ni omakase (竜馬におまかせ) 1996 NTV |
| + | * Ryoma ga yuku (竜馬がゆく) 1997 TBS |
| + | * Ryoma ga Yuku (竜馬がゆく) 2004 TX |
| + | * Yukuna! Ryoma (ゆくな!龍馬) 2005 CX |
| + | * Ryôma den (龍馬伝) 2010 NHK Taiga Drama |
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| + | ===Books=== |
| + | * Ryoma ga yuku (龍馬がゆく) [[Shiba Ryotaro]] |
| + | * Sakamoto Ryoma (坂本龍馬) [[Yamaoka Sohachi]] |
| + | * Ryoma no Meiji (龍馬の明治) Nakatsu Fumihiko |
| + | * Ryoma (龍馬) Tsumoto Yo |
| + | * Toshizo to Ryoma (歳三と龍馬) |
| + | * Ryoma den (龍馬伝) Tsuka Kohei |
| + | * Sakamoto Ryoma (坂本龍馬) Kunimitsu Shiro |
| + | * Kawaracho Sanjo Kudaru Ryoma Ansatsu(河原町三条下ル、龍馬暗殺) Hirose Niki |
| + | * Ryoma Zanei (龍馬残影) Tsumoto Yo |
| + | * Ryoma Ansatsu (龍馬暗殺) Saotome Mitsugu |
| + | * Kagemusha Ryoma (影武者龍馬) Kaku Kozo |
| + | * Sakamoto Ryoma no Shogai (坂本龍馬の生涯) Shimaoka Akira |
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| + | ===Kabuki=== |
| + | * Ryôma ga yuku (竜馬がゆく) - adaptation of the Shiba Ryôtarô novel |
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
| * Hillsborough, Romulus. ''RYOMA- Life of a Renaissance Samurai''. Ridgeback Press, 1999 | | * Hillsborough, Romulus. ''RYOMA- Life of a Renaissance Samurai''. Ridgeback Press, 1999 |
| * Jansen, Marius B. ''Sakamoto Ryoma and the Meiji Restoration''. Columbia University Press, 1994. | | * Jansen, Marius B. ''Sakamoto Ryoma and the Meiji Restoration''. Columbia University Press, 1994. |
− | * The Sakamoto Ryoma Memorial Museum’s Webpage: http://www.kochi-bunkazaidan.or.jp/~ryoma/english1.htm | + | * [http://www.kochi-bunkazaidan.or.jp/~ryoma/english1.htm The Sakamoto Ryoma Memorial Museum’s Webpage] |
| + | <references/> |
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− | [[Category:Bakumatsu]][[Category:Edo Period]] | + | [[Category:Bakumatsu]][[Category:Edo Period]][[Category:Samurai]] |
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