It is not possible to talk about Samurai without talking about their swords. During the ages they radically changed in form and, at the end, even in meaning.
Japan early history is highly affected by the continent and its more ancient cultures. The culture of the Yayoi period was surely strongly subject to the influence of Korea and thru this peninsula the most important innovations arrived in Japan. Rice cultivation and iron tools and related technology were introduced at the end of the Jomon era. Iron tools and weapons helped the Japanese to enhance their living. In the first stage of its development Japan imported iron tools and weaponry from the continent and continental craftmen immigrated in Japan. Soon after the Japanese becomes to forge and manufacture their own blades. Very ancient sources as the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki already quotes swords as highly valuable weapons and objects of worship. This is confirmed by the number of swords found in Kofun and the high number of swords which belongs to Shrines. Its debated how many activities were visualized with the ancient polishing methods but is undeniable that, in early times, the beauty of the Japanese sword was only caused by the pursuit of its practical functions as a weapon. Already in the VI century b.C. we have the insurgence of a Japanese taste in fittings but the design of the blades was still strongly influenced by the continent, being the fighting tactics equally imported from China and mainly based on masses of footsoldiers with spears and shields. There is an old saying regarding Japanese swords: Orenai, magarani, yoku kireru (shouldn't break, shouldn't bend and cuts well). These are the most important qualities a sword must have and Japanese swordmakers (Tosho) made great efforts in searching for improvement of the Chinese specimens. When these tactics changed due to the fight against Emishi for domain of the Kanto plain, the advantages of a curved sword for horseback fighting begun evident to the japaneses, that already showed their attitude to practicality and skillfullness in adopting foreign items adapting and upgrading them to their needs. As long as the original purpose of the sword is of a practical nature, it is natural that changes of fighting style and cutting targets have influenced the sword, especially in the shape. For this reason we can judge the approximate age of the sword from the Sugata (Shape).as well as Jihada and Hamon, that are strictly related to functionality. Is generally agreed that the fully developed Japanese sword appearance was around the 940 a.C., period in which we find the most ancient extant swords with all the characteristics needed in the "ideal" japanese sword : single edge differentially hardened with strong curvature. Some of these ancient blades already shows another peculiarity of the japanese sword : a softer steel inner core wrapped by harder steel. It's debated if all such ancient blades are made the same way, but at least some shows that this technology was already used in this period. As this “basic” shape has changed in its key features many times and quiet deeply during the centuries, we need to know the periods in which the history of the japanese sword is divided in :
Before the mid Heian period: before the appearance of the Japanese sword. The mid-late Heian and the early Kamakura period: Divided by the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate government at the end of the 12th century.
The mid and the late Kamakura period: A hundred years until the downfall of the Hojo clan in the 3rd year of Genko (1333). A lot of excellent smiths turn up in various places and they establish unique workmanship.
The Nambokucho period: For sixty years from the 3rd year of Genko era to the 9th year of Genchu era (1392) when the peace treaty was concluded between the southern Imperial court and the northern Imperial court. Up until this time, all long blades were Tachi.
The Muromachi period: In the political chronology, for a hundred and eighty years from the 9th of the Genchu era to the 1st of the Tensho era (1573) including the Sengoku period. This is the last period of the Koto times and Katana takes the place of Tachi. The Momoyama period: In the political chronology from the 2nd year of Tensho to the 5th year of the Keicho era (1600) when Tokugawa Ieyasu won the battle of Sekigahara and began to hold the reins of government.
The Edo period: In the political chronology the Edo period is ended by the Taisei Hokan (1867) when the last Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu handed over the reign to the Emperor. There are only a small number of smiths after the Genroku era (1688-).
The end of the Edo period and the early Meiji era: From the Tenmei era (1781-) to the 9th year of the Meiji era (-1876) when the Haito Rei was decreed. This is the Shinshinto times.
The mid Meiji era to the present era: This is the so-called Gendaito times. There is little demand for the Japanese sword between the Meiji and the Taisho era but swordsmiths manage somehow to hold to the traditional method of sword making. A large number of mass-produced swords which are generally called "Showato" were produced by the end of the last war. Soon after the last war the sword production was resumed and nowadays they must be art sword because it is illegal to make swords as weapons by today's Japanese law. (Nagayama Kokan, Token Kantei Dokuhon)
Academically, Japanese swords are divided in exact periods as follows :
- Jokoto 上古刀 pre-938,
- early Koto 初古刀 938 ~ 1319,
- middle Koto 中古刀 1319 ~ 1460,
- late Koto 末古刀 1460 ~ 1596,
- Keigen-Shinto 慶元新刀 1596 ~ 1624,
- Kanei-Shinto 寛永新刀 1624 ~ 1658,
- Kambun-Shinto 寛文新刀 1658 ~ 1684,
- Genroku-Shinto 元禄新刀 1684 ~ 1764,
- early Shinshinto 初新々刀 1764 ~ 1818,
- middle Shinshinto 中新々刀 1818 ~ 1854,
- late Shinshinto 末新々刀 1854 ~ 1868,
- Gendaito 現代刀 1868 ~ today.
There is another term we usually find when talking about japanese swords : Shinsakutô 新作刀. This means "recently made swords" and is referred to swords made by a living smith and after 1952 when the 1945 ban of forging swords ended. It's basically a sub-group of Gendaito, because if the smith pass away, for the NBTHK (Nippon Bijutsu Token Hozon Kyokai) Shinsa (judgement) the sword begins Gendaito. (Guido Schiller)
Entering an even more detailed datation method we can divide the periods in to Nengo :
- The Jokoto times
- The Yamato period
Taika (645-), Hakuchi (650-), Shucho or Suzaku (686-), Taiho (701-), Kyoun (704-), Wado (708-).
- The Nara period
From the 3rd year of the Wado era (710); Reiki (715-), Yoro (717-), Jinki (724-), Tenpyo (729-), Tenpyo Kanpo or Tenpyo Shoho (749-), Tenpyo Hoji (757-), Tenpyo Jingo (765-), Jingo Keiun (767-), Hoki (770-), Tenno (781-), Enryaku (782-).
- The early Heian period
From the 13th of the Enryaku (794); Daido (806-), Konin (810-), Tencho (824-), Jowa (834-) (851-), Saiko (854-), Ten-an (857-), Jogan (859-), (885-), Kanpyo (889-), Shotai (898-), Engi (901-), (931-), Tengyo (938-), Tenryaku (947-), Tentoku (957-) (978-), Eigan (983-), Kanna (985-) , Kasho (848-), Ninju Gangyo (877-), Ninna Encho (923-), Johei , Ohwa (961-), Tengen
- The Koto times
Eien (987-), Eiso (989-), Shoryaku (990-), Chotoku (995-), Choho (999-), Kanko (1004-), Chowa (1012-), Kannin (1017-), Jian (1021-), Manju (1024-), Chogen (1028-), Choryaku (1037-), Chokyu (1040-), Kantoku (1044-), Eisho (1046-), Tengi (1053-), Kohei (1058-), Jiryaku (1065-), Enkyu (1069-), Joho (1074-), Joryaku (1077-), Eiho (1081-), Ohtoku (1084-), Kanji ( 1087-), Kaho (1094-), Eicho (1096-), Jotoku (1097-), Kowa (1099-), Choji (1104-), Kasho (1106-), Tenjin (1108-), Ten-ei (1110-), Eikyu (1113-),Gen-ei (1118-), Hoan (1120-), Tenji (1124-), Daiji (1126-), Tensho (1131-), Chosho (1132-), Hoen (1135-), Eiji (1141-), Koji (1142-), Tenyo (1144-), Kyuan (1145-), Ninpyo (1151-), Kyuju (1154-), Hogen (1156-),Heiji (1159-),Eiryaku (1160-), Oh-ho (1161-), Chokan (1163-), Eiman (1165-), Jin-an (1166-), Ka-oh (1169¬), Joan (1171-), Angen (1175-), Jisho (1177-), Yowa (1181-), Juei (1182-), Genryaku (1184-).
- The Kamakura period
From the 1st of the Bunji era; Bunji (1185-), Kenkyu (1190-), Shoji (1199-),Kennin (1201-) Ken-ei (1206-), Jogen (1207-), Kenryaku (1211-), Kenpo (1219-), Jo-oh (1222-), Gennin (1224-), Karoku (1225-), Kangi (1229-), Joei (1232-), Tenpuku (1233-), Bunryaku (1235-), Ryakunin (1238-), En-oh (1239-), Ninji (1240-),Genkyu (1204-), (1213-), Jokyu Antei (1227-), (1234-), Katei Kangen (1243-), Hoji (1247-), Kencho (1297-), Kogen (1256-), Shoka (1257-), Shogen (1259-), Bun-oh (1260-), Kocho (1261-), Bun-ei (1264-), Kenji (1275-), Koan (1278-), Sho-oh (1288-), Einin (1293-), Shoan (1299-),Kengen (1302-),Kagen (1303-), Tokuji (1306-), Engyo (1308-), Ohcho (1311-), Showa (1312-), Bunpo (1317-), Gen-oh 1319-), Genko (1321-), Shochu (1324-), Karyaku (1326-), Gentoku (1329-), Genko (1331-).
- The Nambokucho period
From the 3rd of the Genko era (1333); [The Nancho (The south imperial court) era] Genko (1331-), Kenmu (1334-), Engen (1336-),Kokoku (1340-),Shohei (1346-), Kentoku (1370-), Bunchu (1372-), Tenju (1375-), Kowa (1381-),Genchu (1384-) [The Hokucho (The north imperial court) era] Shogyo (1332-), Kenmu (1334-), Ryaku-oh (1338-), Koei (1342-), Jowa (1345-), Kan-oh (1350-), Bunwa (1352-), Enbun (1356-), Koan (1361-), Joji (1362-), Oh-an (1368-), Eiwa (1375-), Koryaku (1379-), Eitoku (1381-), Shitoku (1384-), Kakyo (1387-), Ko-oh (1389-), Meitoku (1390-).
- The Muromachi period
From the 9th of the Genchu era; Genchu (1392-), Oh-ei (1394-), Shocho (1428-), Eikyo (1429-), Kakitsu (1441-), Bun-an (1444-), Hotoku (1449-), Kyotoku (1452-), Kosho (1455-), Choroku (1457-), Kansho (1460-), Bunsho (1466-), Ohnin (1467-), Bunmei (1469-), Chokyo (1487-), Entoku (1489-), Meio (1492-), Bunki (1501-), Eisho (1504-), Daiei (1521-), Kyoroku (1528-),Tenbun (1532-),Koji (1555-), Eiroku (1558-), Genki (1570-).
- The Azuchi Momoyama period
From the 1st of the Tensho era (1573); Tensho (1573-), Bunroku (1592-),Keicho (1596-).
- The Shinto Times
The Edo period From the 5th of the Keicho era (1600); Genna (1615-), Shoho (1644-), Keian (1648-), Jo-oh (1652-),Meireki Manji (1658-), Kanbun (1661-), Enpo (1673-), Tenna (1681-), Jokyo Gentoku (1688-), Hoei (1704-), Shotoku (1711-), Kyoho (1716-) (1736-), Kanpo .(1741-), Enkyo (1744-), Kan-en (1748-), Horeki Meiwa (1763-), An-ei (1772-),
- The Shinshinto Times (1655-), (1684-), , Genbun (1751-),Tenmei (1781-), Kansei (1818-), Tenpo (1830-), (1860-), Bunkyu (1861-),The Meiji era Meiji (1868-), (1789-), Kyowa (1801-), Bunka (1804-), Koka (1844-), Kaei (1848-), Ansei (1854-), Genji (1864-), Keio (1865-). Bunsei Man-en
- The Gendaito times
After the 9th of the Meiji era (1876). The Taisho era Taisho (1912-) The Showa era Showa (1926-) The Heisei era Heisei (1989-present)
Another thing we have to consider when fixing a date for a japanese sword is the Eto. Eto is originally a Chinese calender invented in the ancient period. It consists of ten ordinal signs and twelve zodiacal symbols and the combination of both characters makes a cycle of sixty years, the Sexagenary cycle. In Japan the Eto was used not only to count time by years but also to show time by hours (In this case one day is divided into twelve fractions.) and direction. The Eto can often be seen on the Nakago of the Japanese sword.
ETO (CHINESE ZODIACAL CYCLE) Kinoe Kinoe Kinoe Kinoe Kinoe Kinoe Tora Tatsu Uma Saru Inu Ne (Koin) (Koshin) (Kogo) (Koshin) (Kojutsu) (Kasshi) Kinoto Kinoto Kinoto Kinoto Kinoto Kinoto U Mi. Hitsuji Tori I Ushi (Itsubo) (Isshi) (Itsubi) (Itsuyu) (Itsugai) (Itchu) Hinoe Hinoe Hinoe Hinoe Hinoe Hinoe Tatsu Uma Saru Inu Ne Tora (Heishin) (Heigo) (Heishin) (Heijutsu) (Heishi) (Heishin) Hinoto Hinoto Hinoto Hinoto Hinoto Hinoto Mi Hitsuji Tori I Ushi U (Teishi) (Teibi) (Teiyu) (Teigai) (Teichu) (Teibo) Tsuchinoe Tsuchinoe Tsuchinoe Tsuchinoe Tsuchinoe Tsuchinoe Uma Saru Inu Ne Tora Tatsu (Bogo) (Boshin) (Bojutsu) (Boshi) (Boin) (Boshin) Tsuchinoto Tsuchinoto Tsuchinoto Tsuchinoto Tsuchinoto Tsuchinoto Hitsuji Tori I Ushi U Mi (Kibi) (Kiyu) (Kigai) (Kichu) (Kibo) (Kishi) Kanoe Kanoe Kanoe Kanoe Kanoe Kanoe Saru Inu Ne Tora Tatsu Uma (Koshin) (Kojutsu) (Koshi) (Koin) Koshin) (Kogo) Kanoto Kanoto Kanoto Kanoto Kanoto Kanoto Tori I Ushi U Mi Hitsuji (Shinyu) (Shingai) (Shinchu) (Shinbo) (Shinshi) (Shinbo) Mizunoe Mizunoe Mizunoe Mizunoe Mizunoe Mizunoe Inu Ne Tora Tatsu Uma Saru (Jinjutsu) (Jinshi) (Jin-in) (Jinshin) (Jingo) (Jinshin) Mizunoto Mizunoto Mizunoto Mizunoto Mizunoto Mizunoto I Ushi U Mi Hitsuji Tori (Kigai) (Kichu) (Kibo) (Kishi) (Kibi) (Kiyu)
MAIN ROADS & PROVINCES
In Japan there was a division of the local administration called Go Kinai Shichi Do. Go Ki consists of the capital Kyo (Yamashiro) and four neighbouring provinces. Shichi Do means the provinces along the seven main roads spreading throughout the country.
There are eight provinces in the Sanyo Do, eight provinces in the San-in Do, six provinces in the Nankai Do, fifteen provinces in the Tokai Do, thirteen provinces in the Tosan Do, seven provinces in the Hokuriku Do and nine provinces with two islands in the Saikai Do.
In Kantei (Attribution), it is very important to know the Go Ki Shichi Do as the smiths of the same region are to show the regional influence in their work. Therefore the old administrative division is still used in studying the Japanese sword.
Kinai: Yamashiro (Today's Kyoto prefecture), Yamato (Nara), Settsu (Osaka and Hyogo), Kawachi (Osaka), Izumi (Osaka).
Sanyo Do: Harima (Hyogo), Bizen (Okayama), Mimasaka (Okayama), Bitchu (Okayama), Bingo (Hiroshima), Aki (Hiroshima), Su-oh (Yamaguchi), Nagato (Yamaguchi). San-in Do: Tanba (Kyoto and Hyogo), Tajima (Hyogo), Inaba (Tottori), Hoki (Tottori), Izumo (Shimane), Iwami (Shimane), Oki (Shimane). Nankai Do: Kii (Wakayama and Mie), Awaji (Hyogo), Awa (Tokushima), Sanuki (Kagawa), Iyo (Ehime), Tosa (Kochi).
Tokai Do: Iga (Mie), Ise (Mie), Shima (Mie), Totomi (Shizuoka), Suruga (Shizuoka), Izu Sagami (Kanagawa), Musashi (Tokyo, Saitama Kazusa (Chiba), Shimofusa (Chiba and Ibaraki) Owari (Aichi), Mikawa (Aichi), (Shizuoka), Kai (Yamanashi), and Kanagawa), Awa (Chiba), , Hitachi (Ibaraki).
Tosan Do: Ohmi (Shiga), Mino (Gifu), Hida (Gifu), Shinano (Nagano), Kozuke (Gamma), Shimotsuke (Tochigi), Iwaki (Fukushima), Iwashiro (Fukushima), Rikuzen (Miyagi and Iwate), Rikuchu (Iwate and Akita), Mutsu (Aomori and Akita), Uzen (Yamagata), Ugo (Akita and Yamagata). Hokuriku Do: Wakasa (Fukui), Echizen (Fukui), Kaga (Ishikawa), Noto (Ishikawa), Etchu (Toyama), Echigo (Niigata), Sado (Niigata). Saikai Do: Chikuzen (Fukuoka), Chikugo (Fukuoka), Buzen (Fukuoka and Oh¬ita), Bungo (Fukuoka and Oh-ita), Hizen (Saga and Nagasaki), Higo (Kumamoto), Hiyuga (Miyazaki), Ohsumi (Kagoshima), Satsuma (Kagoshima), Iki (Nagasaki), Tsushima (Nagasaki). (Nagayama Kokan, Token Kantei Dokuhon)
The first important change occurred after the attempts of mongol invasion in
the XIII century. The blades becomes more sturdy on the upper part, the
"Ikubi-Kissaki", a sort of very small point, was replaced with other,
larger types that left more room to repairs after damages.
A second one, only temporary, was the one made in Nanbokucho era, when every type of blade begun greater, longer and heavier, sometimes even too much.
The most important change, anyway, occurred in Momoyama era, when the Katana finally replaced the Tachi as main sword of the Samurai. The difference between a Tachi and a Katana is, to make an incredibly difficult thing the easiest possible, the position of the Mei (signature). The signature must be on the part of the blade that faces outside. So as Tachi is worn edge-down and Katana is worn edge-up, the signatures are placed in opposite positions. In absence of a signature the mounting is often the only difference between the two types of swords. Obviously this change was more a slow evolution rather then a sudden revolution. So we have a lot of blades that are "in between" that can't be easily put in a specific category. The wearing of DaiSho (Daito/Shoto,long/short sword, meaning Katana and Wakizashi) begun in this period. Basically a backup blade was always carried by Samurai, but the fashion of having a matched pair of mountings for main and backup sword started here. This is a very crucial change in the japanese sword history and, as already said, is the result of an evolution. To explain the (slow) switching from the ancient fashion to the new one we've to deal with the meaning of the term "Wakizashi". It's made by two words "Waki" (side, secondary) and "Zashi" (from Sasu, "to insert"). In the sword context it means "to insert between the Obi", i.e. a sword to be worn inserted between the Obi. Tachi requires another verb, "Haku", to wear "hanging" from the waist. Backup swords were carried by Samurai from the very beginning of their history, and they were usually inserted "between the Obi". So Wakizashi in ancient times referred to any sword that was secondary to the Tachi and worn inserted in the Obi with no reference to its lenght. In Koto times back-up blades spread from Yoroi-Doshi (armor piercing daggers), Chiisagatana (shorther then Katana) and Koshigatana, all always worn inserted in the Obi but the Koshigatana, that a few times was worn hanging from Obi. The length, in these times, wasn't an issue to qualify a blade as "Wakizashi" and the term "Daisho" in the meaning of "Daito and Shoto" (pair of long and short swords) wasn't in use yet. There is a document quoting that Oda Nobunaga wore (with the kanji used for the meaning "inserted between obi") a set of DaiSho. So is safe to say that was between Tenbun and Eiroku (1532 - 1569) that this fashion was adopted by Samurai, most likely having already been adopted by lower ranks troops sometime earlier. During the Momoyama were fixed the first official criteria to differentiate types of swords according to their lenght creating the categories we find later on, Katana, Wakizashi, Tanto and imposing who were allowed to wear what type of sword, but these regulamentations weren't really fully applied. The strict regulamentation was, anyway, only a matter of time.
In Shoho 2, (1645 a.C.) "The Order Regarding Dai-Sho Katana and Hair Style" fixed the maximum length of Katana to be 2 shaku and 8 to 9 sun (84.84 cm - 87.87 cm), and Wakizashi to be 1 shaku and 8 to 9 sun (54.54 cm - 57.57 cm). In Kanbun 8 (a.d 1668) the Tokugawa Shogunate issued the famous Muto Rei, (No Sword Order), a law that firmly prohibit the commoner class carrying/wearing any swords longer than "Ko-Wakizashi" (i.e., small wakizashi) unless specifically permitted by the government. According Muto Rei, "Ko-Wakizashi" is defined as a sword with blade length shorter than 1 shaku and 5 sun (45.54cm).
Others edicts followed to fix blade lenghts for high-ranking Samurai and Hatamoto when on duty in Edo and in the mid-Edo period we can find what is generally accepted as the today's standard lenghts for japanese swords blades :
- Tanto - to be shorter than 1 shaku (= 30.3cm)
- Wakizashi - to be from 1 shaku (= 30.3cm) to 1 shaku 9 sun 9 bu (= 60.297cm); but more
specifically,
- Ko-Wakizashi (i.e., small wakizashi) to be from 1 shaku (= 30.3cm) up to 1 shaku 4 sun 9 bu (= 45.147cm);
- Chu-Wakizashi (i.e., mid size wakizashi) to be from 1 shaku 5 sun (= 45.45cm) to 1 shaku 7 sun 9 bu (= 54.237cm), and
- O-Wakizashi (i.e., large size wakizashi) - to be from 1 shaku 8 sun up to 1 shaku 9 sun 9 bu (= 60.297cm);
- Katana - to be 2 shaku (=60.6cm) and longer.
Blade lenghts are always measured streight between the Hamachi and the Kissaki.
Since the official adoption of the metric system in 1891, the traditional length units of "shaku," "sun" and "bu" are no longer used. The legal designations of Tanto, Wakizashi, and Katana by their length under today’s Japanese laws are as follows :
- Tanto - to be 30cm or shorter;
- Wakizashi - to be longer than 30cm but shorter than 60cm;
- Katana (and Tachi) - to be 60cm or longer
This legal classification sometimes doesn't matches with the academical one that is more complex, impling the way in which the blade was originally intended to be worn (Tachi or Katana) and its purpose. An academically called Sunnobi-Tanto, because it is always a little longer then one Shaku (30.3 cm) is legally speaking a Wakizashi.
The following layout shows the main (NOT all) "Sugata" (shape) changes of the japanese sword with period and lenght (in shaku, 1 shaku = 30.3022 cm or 11.93 inches) from right to left, first line first. Obviously an infinite number of possible mix are found, but these are the most common ones. When you're reading about a Samurai fighting in the late Kamakura, most likely his sword had the shape you'll find hereunder. Thanks to Valdek Laur for it.
((See also Japanese Sword Handle Visual Glossary and Japanese Sword Visual Glossary))