Difference between revisions of "Tokugawa seasonal observances"
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These included the New Year, five occasions marking the turn of seasons, and a number of days marking events related to [[Tokugawa clan]] history; among these was 6/1, an auspicious day in the East Asian tradition generally, but also said to mark the date of the Tokugawa entry into the [[Kanto|Kantô]]. The shogun also held audiences with certain categories or individuals on the 1st, 15th, and 28th days of each month.<ref>At some point in the early 19th century, this third monthly audience, held on the 28th, was reduced from taking place every month, to instead taking place only in the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 7th, and 12th months of the year. Asao Naohiro (ed.), ''Fudai daimyô Ii ke no girei'', Hikone Castle Museum (2004), 57.</ref> | These included the New Year, five occasions marking the turn of seasons, and a number of days marking events related to [[Tokugawa clan]] history; among these was 6/1, an auspicious day in the East Asian tradition generally, but also said to mark the date of the Tokugawa entry into the [[Kanto|Kantô]]. The shogun also held audiences with certain categories or individuals on the 1st, 15th, and 28th days of each month.<ref>At some point in the early 19th century, this third monthly audience, held on the 28th, was reduced from taking place every month, to instead taking place only in the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 7th, and 12th months of the year. Asao Naohiro (ed.), ''Fudai daimyô Ii ke no girei'', Hikone Castle Museum (2004), 57.</ref> | ||
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| + | Annual ritual events in which the shogun himself participated also included visits to the shogunal mausolea at [[Zojo-ji|Zôjô-ji]], [[Kan'ei-ji]], and [[Momijiyama]], on the anniversaries of the deaths of his predecessors.<ref name=asao59>Asao, 59.</ref> | ||
==New Year== | ==New Year== | ||
New Year's observances at [[Edo castle]] included the [[shogun]]'s reception of ''daimyô'' and other retainers, among others, on the first three days of the new year. All ''daimyô'' resident in [[Edo]] at the time were obliged to appear at the castle on each of these first three days. These practices were first put into place by [[Tokugawa Hidetada]], and were continued by his successor, becoming standard practice by the time of Shogun [[Tokugawa Yoshimune]] (r. [[1716]]-[[1751]]).<ref>Walthall, 353n13.</ref> | New Year's observances at [[Edo castle]] included the [[shogun]]'s reception of ''daimyô'' and other retainers, among others, on the first three days of the new year. All ''daimyô'' resident in [[Edo]] at the time were obliged to appear at the castle on each of these first three days. These practices were first put into place by [[Tokugawa Hidetada]], and were continued by his successor, becoming standard practice by the time of Shogun [[Tokugawa Yoshimune]] (r. [[1716]]-[[1751]]).<ref>Walthall, 353n13.</ref> | ||
| − | On the first day of the new year, the shogun would first grant audiences to his direct relatives, the lords of the [[Maeda clan]], and the chief ''fudai daimyô'', who were received in the castle's ''shiroshoin'', the middle-ranking of the castle's three chief audience halls. They presented swords as gifts to the shogun and bowed in designated ways, at designated places within (or just outside of) the room, in accordance with their rank, shared a cup of [[sake|saké]] with the shogun, and received gifts from him.<ref | + | On the first day of the new year, the shogun would first grant audiences to his direct relatives, the lords of the [[Maeda clan]], and the chief ''fudai daimyô'', who were received in the castle's ''shiroshoin'', the middle-ranking of the castle's three chief audience halls. They presented swords as gifts to the shogun and bowed in designated ways, at designated places within (or just outside of) the room, in accordance with their rank, shared a cup of [[sake|saké]] with the shogun, and received gifts from him.<ref name=asao59/> |
Following a banquet, these ''daimyô'' would then arrange themselves on the lowest of the three ''dan'' (platforms/daises) in the ''Ôhiroma'', the most formal of the audience halls, and that used for receptions of those lower in rank, or with less strong relationships with the shogunate; the remaining ''daimyô'', both ''fudai'' and ''tozama'', were arranged outside of the ''dan'', in the first anteroom (''ni-no-ma''), along with a multitude of ''[[hatamoto]]'', priests, doctors, court painters, and the like. They all lay prostrate as the doors separating the anteroom and the ''dan'' were opened, and the shogun silently surveyed the gathering. A member of the ''[[roju|rôjû]]'' then declared, on behalf of the shogun, an expression of good wishes for the new year; the doors were closed, and the shogun took his place at the upper dais, or ''dan'', of the ''Ôhiroma''. After a reception in which [[sake|saké]] was drunk, the shogun returned to the ''shiroshoin'', where he received New Year's greetings from staff members of his court, including [[Noh]] performers, painters, and pages. | Following a banquet, these ''daimyô'' would then arrange themselves on the lowest of the three ''dan'' (platforms/daises) in the ''Ôhiroma'', the most formal of the audience halls, and that used for receptions of those lower in rank, or with less strong relationships with the shogunate; the remaining ''daimyô'', both ''fudai'' and ''tozama'', were arranged outside of the ''dan'', in the first anteroom (''ni-no-ma''), along with a multitude of ''[[hatamoto]]'', priests, doctors, court painters, and the like. They all lay prostrate as the doors separating the anteroom and the ''dan'' were opened, and the shogun silently surveyed the gathering. A member of the ''[[roju|rôjû]]'' then declared, on behalf of the shogun, an expression of good wishes for the new year; the doors were closed, and the shogun took his place at the upper dais, or ''dan'', of the ''Ôhiroma''. After a reception in which [[sake|saké]] was drunk, the shogun returned to the ''shiroshoin'', where he received New Year's greetings from staff members of his court, including [[Noh]] performers, painters, and pages. | ||
Revision as of 06:11, 20 February 2017
Under the Tokugawa shogunate, daimyô, hatamoto, other retainers, and others in service to the shogunate[1] were obliged to appear at Edo castle to pay obeisances, and/or to offer gifts, on certain occasions of every year.
These included the New Year, five occasions marking the turn of seasons, and a number of days marking events related to Tokugawa clan history; among these was 6/1, an auspicious day in the East Asian tradition generally, but also said to mark the date of the Tokugawa entry into the Kantô. The shogun also held audiences with certain categories or individuals on the 1st, 15th, and 28th days of each month.[2]
Annual ritual events in which the shogun himself participated also included visits to the shogunal mausolea at Zôjô-ji, Kan'ei-ji, and Momijiyama, on the anniversaries of the deaths of his predecessors.[3]
New Year
New Year's observances at Edo castle included the shogun's reception of daimyô and other retainers, among others, on the first three days of the new year. All daimyô resident in Edo at the time were obliged to appear at the castle on each of these first three days. These practices were first put into place by Tokugawa Hidetada, and were continued by his successor, becoming standard practice by the time of Shogun Tokugawa Yoshimune (r. 1716-1751).[4]
On the first day of the new year, the shogun would first grant audiences to his direct relatives, the lords of the Maeda clan, and the chief fudai daimyô, who were received in the castle's shiroshoin, the middle-ranking of the castle's three chief audience halls. They presented swords as gifts to the shogun and bowed in designated ways, at designated places within (or just outside of) the room, in accordance with their rank, shared a cup of saké with the shogun, and received gifts from him.[3]
Following a banquet, these daimyô would then arrange themselves on the lowest of the three dan (platforms/daises) in the Ôhiroma, the most formal of the audience halls, and that used for receptions of those lower in rank, or with less strong relationships with the shogunate; the remaining daimyô, both fudai and tozama, were arranged outside of the dan, in the first anteroom (ni-no-ma), along with a multitude of hatamoto, priests, doctors, court painters, and the like. They all lay prostrate as the doors separating the anteroom and the dan were opened, and the shogun silently surveyed the gathering. A member of the rôjû then declared, on behalf of the shogun, an expression of good wishes for the new year; the doors were closed, and the shogun took his place at the upper dais, or dan, of the Ôhiroma. After a reception in which saké was drunk, the shogun returned to the shiroshoin, where he received New Year's greetings from staff members of his court, including Noh performers, painters, and pages.
The first Noh performance of the year generally took place on the third day of the year, after which the performers received new robes, as formal gifts, on behalf of the shogun. The third day of the month also included audiences with prominent merchant officials from Edo, Kyoto, Nara, Fushimi and Osaka, as well as elders from some of the chief cities and fudai domains.
Lower-ranking samurai retainers who would not normally be entitled to a shogunal audience were permitted to prostrate themselves and offer New Year's greetings on the sixth day of the new year; the abbot of Rinnô-ji in Nikkô enjoyed a private face-to-face meeting with the shogun on the first day of the second month each year.
References
- Anne Walthall, "Hiding the shoguns: Secrecy and the nature of political authority in Tokugawa Japan," in Bernard Scheid and Mark Teeuwen (eds.) The Culture of Secrecy in Japanese Religion, Routledge (2006), 338-340.
- ↑ Including court painters, Noh performers, priests and monks of certain temples and shrines, and artisans & merchants who were official providers of goods to the shogunate.
- ↑ At some point in the early 19th century, this third monthly audience, held on the 28th, was reduced from taking place every month, to instead taking place only in the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 7th, and 12th months of the year. Asao Naohiro (ed.), Fudai daimyô Ii ke no girei, Hikone Castle Museum (2004), 57.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Asao, 59.
- ↑ Walthall, 353n13.
