User:LordAmeth/Notes

NOTES for later articles:

• Though the term chôtei is used quite standardly today to refer to the Imperial Court, the terms used in the Edo period were, much more commonly, kinri 禁裏 and kinchû 禁中. - Watanabe Hiroshi, Luke Roberts (trans.), "About Some Japanese Historical Terms," Sino-Japanese Studies 10:2 (1998), 38-39.

• In Meiji, as part of trying to make Japan look as civilized as Europe, European titles are adopted - Lord of the Privy Seal is basically just the position of naidaijin, reinvented. - Ben Ami Shillony, "Restoration, Emperor, Diet, Prefecture, or: How Japanese Concepts were Mistranslated into Western Languages," Collected Writings of Ben-Ami Shillony, 67.

• The Waegwan at Pusan had a kiln from 1639-1717 - Freer Gallery gallery labels

• "Zen," from the Chinese "chan", comes from the Sanskrit dhyan, for meditation. - Francis DK Ching, A Global History of Architecture, 444.

• The popularity of imported karamono in the Muromachi period, and the need/desire to display them, contributed to the development of shoin architecture, including the chigaidana shelving, tokonoma alcove, etc. - H. Paul Varley, "Ashikaga Yoshimitsu and the World of Kitayama: Social Change and Shogunal Patronage in Early Muromachi Japan", in John Hall and Toyoda Takeshi eds., Japan in the Muromachi Age, 1977, University of California Press, (Berkeley), 192.

• In 1614, there were around 300,000 Japanese Christians in Japan. (Schirokauer et al, A Brief History of Japanese Civilization, 126.)

• Christianity suits samurai lords well, as it’s all about sacrificing oneself for the Lord – and with the daimyo as representative of God, as divinely mandated, loyalty to God becomes intertwined with loyalty to one’s earthly lord.
• Heian gardens are viewed from a stationary position from within the palace, versus Zen gardens meant for contemplation – not for beauty or for poetry - , versus Edo gardens which are walking gardens, for moving through.

As a rule, foreign women were not allowed on Dejima. The only women allowed to go there were courtesans from the Maruyama brothel. Officially, the yûjo had to leave the following morning, but in practice they were permitted to stay for a week. However, by the end of the Edo period in the early nineteenth century, enforcement of the restriction had become so lax that Captains were able to take yûjo onto the streets outside Dejima, or even smuggle courtesans to Shanghai in their ships. It was not only foreigners, but also the Japanese who enjoyed the company of the yûjo when they took a trip to Nagasaki from Edo or Kyoto. Maruyama was an oasis in the desert for the Dutch and Chinese who were otherwise confined to their restricted locations.

Johnson, Hiroko. Western Influences on Japanese Art: The Akita Ranga Art School and Foreign Books. Amsterdam: Hotei Publishing, 2005. p22.

p23 for details on Dejima.

Opium - in 1870, opium still constituted 43% of China's imports, and until 1890, it remained the largest single import product in China.

Exports: 1842, 92% of exports were tea and silk. 1868, 93.5%, 1890, 64.5%. Throughout 19th century, tea + silk constituted at least 50% of Chinese exports. At least 40% of tea production in China was for export, and 50-70% of silk production, all the way to the 1920s. The loss of foreign markets in the 1930s through 1940s (and into the PRC era) thus deprived "countless thousands of Chinese peasants" of their livelihoods.

- Joseph Esherick, "Harvard on China: The Apologetics of Imperialism." Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 4:4 (1972), 10.

• Genghis Khan was his Persian name; Crossroads & Cultures p441 gives his name as Chinggis.

• Footbinding first spread from courtesans to all women in the Song Dynasty. - Valerie Hansen, Open Empire, 261.

• On origins of samurai/bushi, Karl Friday writes that during the Heian period, they were essentially miyako no musha, with much closer associations to their social peers within the Court & aristocracy than to a warrior or bushi identity, and that it was only after the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate and of the gokenin hierarchy that a distinctive bushi identity began to emerge. More details of his argument/explanation can be seen at: Karl Friday, Samurai Warfare and the State in Early Medieval Japan, Routledge (2004), 10.

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Roger Keyes, Ehon, NYPL 2006, p70.

• Kabuki actor Nakagawa Hanzaburô left Edo in the spring of 1705
• Danjuro II performs the role of Narukami for the first time in 1710.

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• hikime kagihana 引目鉤鼻 - simple line for the eyes, hook for the nose (in Heian/Kamakura emaki, e.g. Tale of Genji.
• fukinuki yatai 吹抜屋台 - "blown off roof" pictorial technique.

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Mr and Mrs Gardner visited Kyoto in 1883, and may have stayed at Chion-in.

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Lane p311 for pigments

"As the early Yoshiwara was primarily a place of entertainment and socializing, sex was a discreet and secondary aspect of the business. Indeed, Edward Seidensticker has gone so far as to liken an evening at the Yoshiwara to an afternoon of tea." - Seigle. p152.

Courtesans in the harimise 張見世 of a teahouse would sit in three rows, and perform a concert from roughly dusk (the sixth hour) until midnight (the 9th hour). - Kobayashi Tadashi & Julie Nelson Davis. "Floating World of Light and Shadow." p96

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Tim Clark's article on Kabuki, for bios of Nakamura Nakazo I, Yanagisawa Nobutoki, and other good stuff.

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Look into writing an article for Zhu Shunsui 朱舜水 (1600-82), who fled to Japan rather than be ruled by Manchus.

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Many Okinawans served as police, teachers, or otherwise were involved in colonial Taiwan. These people, who had only just "become" "Japanese" a few decades earlier, and who spoke pidgin or creole Japanese, were now the representatives of the Empire, teaching Japanese language, culture, attitudes, civics, to the "colonized" Taiwanese. - Mashiko Hidenori, "The Creation of 'Okinawans' and Formation of the Japanese Nation-State," Social Science Japan 14 (1998), 12.

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• Ataka & Kanjincho take place in Komatsu, Ishikawa-ken
• There are sixteen warrior plays (shuramono) in the current Noh repertoire; the majority of them draw upon the Heike Monogatari. Figures from the Heike are also the protagonists in 33 of the 50 extant kowaka-mai. (Helen McCullough trans., The Tale of the Heike, Stanford University Press (1990), 9)
• The distinctive green, brown, black striped kabuki curtain is said to have originated when Iemitsu donated a ship's sail to the Nakamura-za as a reward for service, the pattern being adopted by other theatres in the Meiji period. - Omoto, Lisa Ann M. and Kathy Welch. "Kabuki Spectacle." in 101 Years of Kabuki in Hawai'i. pp50-54.
• Noodles from millet first made in China c. 3000-2000 BCE. (Crossroads & Cultures p379)
• Tsuruya Shôgen 鶴屋将監 - wakô raider
• Kaiin Jôko, a monk from Kyoto who became abbot of Shuri Enkakuji
• Mie and Yarazamui gusuku lasted until the pre-war, and can be seen in a photo from Meiji 24. - Uezato Takashi. Fireweapons of Ryukyu. p86. More on the castle too.
• Hachisuka clan were not samurai!? but were merchants, arms merchants.
• Gusuku article needs expansion, from articles, from Kerr, etc. - currently cites only Kitahara
• Wet rice cultivation in mainland SE Asia by c. 1st century CE, spread to Java by 8th century.
• In 9th century, more than half of the 200,000 residents of Guangzhou are said to have been Jewish, Arab, Persian, and Indian traders. (Crossroads & Culture, 393.)
• Quanzhou boasted a significant Tamil merchant community in the 11th century.

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Regions of the Ryukyus were referred to by poetic placenames using the word for "mountain." Prior to the unification of the island, Okinawa itself was divided into Hokuzan, Chûzan, and Nanzan. The distant Miyako and Ishigaki Islands were referred to as Taiheizan 太平山, Iheya and Izena, just west of Okinawa, were referred to as Yôhekizan 葉壁山, and the Kerama Islands were called Bashizan 馬歯山. - Kitahara Shûichi. A Journey to the Ryukyu Gusuku 琉球城紀行。 Naha: Miura Creative, 2003. p84.

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"The magistrate offices of North and South Edo, which took turns overseeing city administration, from fire prevention and publishing activities [i.e. censorship], to the adjudication of civil suits, operated with a staff of about 500 samurai officers. Of this number, only 24 were assigned to 'patrol duties' resembling the function of a modern police officer." - Ikegami Eiko, Bonds of Civility, p307.

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roughly 3000 oyatoi gaikokujin came to Meiji Japan at the invitiation of the government. By far the most of them were employed by the Ministry of Education, and were specialists in engineering and architecture. -Coaldrake, Art and Authority. p216.

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The (a?) Date clan mansion in Edo was located at Shiodome 汐留. (Ryukyu shisetsu, Edo he iku!. Okinawa Prefectural Museum. p36.)

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It is believed that over two thousand travel accounts were composed in the Edo period, including more than sixty relating to the island of Ezo. -- Plutschow Edo Period Travel Reader, p2

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Pigs were raised in a certain area just outside of Nagasaki. Nagasaki was the only place in Edo pd Japan that meat was eaten, with the exceptions of medical purposes, fowl, game animals such as bear, boar, and deer, and of course fish. - Plutschow, Edo Period Travel Reader, p47.

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Over 11,000 terakoya were established in the Edo period. - Arts of the Bedchamber exhibition website. Honolulu Museum of Art. (http://shunga.honolulumuseum.org/index.php?page=1)

As the Edo period (1615-1868) progressed, the cleats of a courtesans’ clogs grew in height and their kimono became increasingly heavy, making the choreographed “figure-eight” walk they were required to perform extremely challenging. Occasionally, a courtesan would stumble and fall during a procession, in which case she would be required to retreat to the nearest teahouse, send her attendant home for a new set of clothes, change into the new outfit, donate her previous outfit to the teahouse, and later pay the teahouse staff an additional fee for their assistance. For courtesans whose daily income was unpredictable and who were struggling to meet expenses for their shinzō, kamuro, and themselves, the mere possibility of such an accident must have been a source of intense anxiety. - Arts of the Bedchamber exhibit website

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Pottery and porcelain first introduced to Okinawa in Gusuku period. - okinawa bijutsu zenshu, vol 5, p39?

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During a daimyo's sankin kotai visit to Edo castle, only the daimyo and a certain number of higher-ranking retainers would actually enter the castle; the remainder of his retinue, some considerable number of middle- and low-ranking samurai, would remain outside the castle, sitting around on the ground, eating, drinking, chatting, sleeping, etc.

• First day of the 8th month was generally considered an auspicious day for giving gifts. The shogunate claimed the date to be in commemoration of ieyasu's first entry into the kanto in 1509. (Anne Walthall, Hiding the Shogun, p332)