Changes

Unlike missions from the Ryûkyû Kingdom, which had long engaged in relations with the [[Shimazu clan]] of [[Satsuma province]] but had never had particularly extensive relations with previous shogunates, the Korean missions can be seen as a new form within a longer history of Korean-Japanese relations, stretching back centuries. The Korean kingdom of [[Goryeo]] sent numerous missions to the [[Ashikaga shogunate]] and to the ''[[Kyushu tandai|Kyûshû tandai]]'' in the 14th century seeking aid in suppressing the pirate/raider gangs known as ''[[wako|wakô]]'', albeit with little success. The Joseon Dynasty, founded in [[1392]], established formal relations with the Ashikaga shogunate beginning in [[1404]], and some sixty missions were sent from Japan to Korea in the next century and a half; the Korean missions sent in return were known at that time as ''hôheishi'' (報聘使, K: ''bobingsa'', lit. "information mission") or ''kaireishi'' (回礼使, K: ''hoe lǐsa'', lit. "returning gratitude/etiquette mission").<ref name=okayama53>''Chôsen tsûshinshi to Okayama'', Okayama Prefectural Museum, 2007, 53.</ref>

Unlike missions from the Ryûkyû Kingdom, which had long engaged in relations with the [[Shimazu clan]] of [[Satsuma province]] but had never had particularly extensive relations with previous shogunates, the Korean missions can be seen as a new form within a longer history of Korean-Japanese relations, stretching back centuries. The Korean kingdom of [[Goryeo]] sent numerous missions to the [[Ashikaga shogunate]] and to the ''[[Kyushu tandai|Kyûshû tandai]]'' in the 14th century seeking aid in suppressing the pirate/raider gangs known as ''[[wako|wakô]]'', albeit with little success. The Joseon Dynasty, founded in [[1392]], established formal relations with the Ashikaga shogunate beginning in [[1404]], and some sixty missions were sent from Japan to Korea in the next century and a half; the Korean missions sent in return were known at that time as ''hôheishi'' (報聘使, K: ''bobingsa'', lit. "information mission") or ''kaireishi'' (回礼使, K: ''hoe lǐsa'', lit. "returning gratitude/etiquette mission").<ref name=okayama53>''Chôsen tsûshinshi to Okayama'', Okayama Prefectural Museum, 2007, 53.</ref>

The first mission to be called a ''tsûshinshi'' (K: ''t'ongsingsa'') took place in [[1429]], and was sent from Korea to celebrate the succession of [[Ashikaga Yoshinori]] to the position of shogun, in the wake of the death of [[Ashikaga Yoshimochi]] the previous year. Between that time until the outbreak of the [[Onin War|Ônin War]] in [[1467]], Korea dispatched another five ''tsûshinshi'', three of which arrived in [[Kyoto]]. At some point in the late 15th or 16th century, missions from Korea stopped, but missions from the Ashikaga to Korea continued.<ref name=okayama53/>

The first mission to be called a ''tsûshinshi'' (K: ''t'ongsingsa'') took place in [[1429]], and was sent from Korea to celebrate the succession of [[Ashikaga Yoshinori]] to the position of shogun, in the wake of the death of [[Ashikaga Yoshimochi]] the previous year. Between that time until the outbreak of the [[Onin War|Ônin War]] in [[1467]], Korea dispatched another five ''tsûshinshi'', three of which arrived in [[Kyoto]]. At some point in the late 15th or 16th century, missions from Korea stopped, but missions from the Ashikaga to Korea continued.<ref name=okayama53/> In total, Joseon sent at least ten embassies to Kyoto in the period from 1392 to [[1443]]; according to Kenneth Robinson, none traveled to Kyoto again after that until [[1590]].<ref>Kenneth Robinson, “An Island’s Place in History: Tsushima in Japan and in Choson, 1392–1592,” ''Korean Studies'' 30 (2006), 50.</ref>

In [[1587]], Toyotomi Hideyoshi named the [[So clan|Sô clan]] of [[Tsushima province|Tsushima]] to be in charge of demanding [[tribute]] from the Joseon court, and to play a leadership role in preparing for Hideyoshi's invasions of Korea (and of the [[Ming Dynasty]]). After Tsushima sent a formal request to the Joseon Court, Korea dispatched a new mission in [[1590]]; led by [[Huang Yungil]], the mission was housed at [[Daitoku-ji]] and met with Hideyoshi at his [[Jurakudai]] mansion in Kyoto, where they delivered a formal letter (''kokusho'') from their king. After Hideyoshi took this as a sign of subordination, however, and Korea declined to send further missions, Hideyoshi launched the first of his invasions of Korea in [[1592]].<ref name=okayama53/>

In [[1587]], Toyotomi Hideyoshi named the [[So clan|Sô clan]] of [[Tsushima province|Tsushima]] to be in charge of demanding [[tribute]] from the Joseon court, and to play a leadership role in preparing for Hideyoshi's invasions of Korea (and of the [[Ming Dynasty]]). After Tsushima sent a formal request to the Joseon Court, Korea dispatched a new mission in [[1590]]; led by [[Huang Yungil]], the mission was housed at [[Daitoku-ji]] and met with Hideyoshi at his [[Jurakudai]] mansion in Kyoto, where they delivered a formal letter (''kokusho'') from their king. After Hideyoshi took this as a sign of subordination, however, and Korea declined to send further missions, Hideyoshi launched the first of his invasions of Korea in [[1592]].<ref name=okayama53/>

*1764 - A Korean mission travels to Edo for the last time during the Tokugawa period. The embassy, led by [[Jo Eom]] (趙曮), is sent to congratulate [[Tokugawa Ieharu]] on becoming shogun.<ref name=timeline/> [[Nam Chuwol|Nam Ch'uwŏl]] serves as secretary (''chesulgwan'').<ref>Rebeckah Clements, “BRUSH TALK AS THE ‘LINGUA FRANCA’ OF DIPLOMACY IN JAPANESE–KOREAN ENCOUNTERS, c. 1600-1868,” The Historical Journal, 62:2 (2019), pp. 289-309: 297.</ref> The mission consists of 498 people, and their total journey takes 382 days.

*1764 - A Korean mission travels to Edo for the last time during the Tokugawa period. The embassy, led by [[Jo Eom]] (趙曮), is sent to congratulate [[Tokugawa Ieharu]] on becoming shogun.<ref name=timeline/> [[Nam Chuwol|Nam Ch'uwŏl]] serves as secretary (''chesulgwan'').<ref>Rebeckah Clements, “BRUSH TALK AS THE ‘LINGUA FRANCA’ OF DIPLOMACY IN JAPANESE–KOREAN ENCOUNTERS, c. 1600-1868,” The Historical Journal, 62:2 (2019), pp. 289-309: 297.</ref> The mission consists of 498 people, and their total journey takes 382 days.

*1809 - Korean envoys in Tsushima are informed that the next mission would only be expected to come as far as Tsushima, and not to go to Edo.

*1809 - Korean envoys in Tsushima are informed that the next mission would only be expected to come as far as Tsushima, and not to go to Edo.

*1811 - The final formal Korean mission of the Edo period meets with [[So clan|Sô clan]] officials in Tsushima, and does not travel to the Japanese "mainland," let alone to Edo. The embassy, led by [[Kim Igyo]] (金履喬), consists of 328 people and is sent to congratulate [[Tokugawa Ienari]] on becoming shogun.<ref name=timeline/> [[Ogasawara Tadakata]], lord of [[Kokura han]], serves as stand-in for the shogun.<ref>Miyake Hidetoshi 三宅英利, "Ryukyu shisetsu to Kokura han," ''Kitakyûshû daigaku bungakubu kiyô'' B series, vol. 21 (1989), 3.</ref>

*1811 - The final formal Korean mission of the Edo period is formally received by shogunate officials on Tsushima, and does not travel to the Japanese "mainland," let alone to Edo. The embassy, led by [[Kim Igyo]] (金履喬), consists of 328 people and is sent to congratulate [[Tokugawa Ienari]] on becoming shogun.<ref name=timeline/> [[Ogasawara Tadakata]], lord of [[Kokura han]], serves as stand-in for the shogun.<ref>Miyake Hidetoshi 三宅英利, "Ryukyu shisetsu to Kokura han," ''Kitakyûshû daigaku bungakubu kiyô'' B series, vol. 21 (1989), 3.</ref>

*1841 - An envoy from Tsushima travels to [[Pusan]] and requests that a mission be sent to Tsushima, but none ever is.

*1841 - An envoy from Tsushima travels to [[Pusan]] and requests that a mission be sent to Tsushima, but none ever is.

*1844 - The shogunate requests, via Tsushima, that Korea send a mission in [[1846]], but this is ultimately cancelled.

*1844 - The shogunate requests, via Tsushima, that Korea send a mission in [[1846]], but this is ultimately cancelled.

*1847 - The shogunate decides that the next Korean embassy will be received in Osaka, rather than coming all the way to Edo, and that it will be postponed until [[1856]]. This embassy also ultimately never takes place.<ref name=koyo100/>

*1847 - The shogunate decides that the next Korean embassy will be received in Osaka, rather than coming all the way to Edo, and that it will be postponed until [[1856]]. This embassy also ultimately never takes place.<ref name=koyo100/>

==References==

==References==

*Anne Walthall, "Hiding the shoguns: Secrecy and the nature of political authority in Tokugawa Japan," in Bernard Scheid and Mark Teeuwen (eds.) ''The Culture of Secrecy in Japanese Religion'', Routledge (2006), 341-344.  

*Anne Walthall, "Hiding the shoguns: Secrecy and the nature of political authority in Tokugawa Japan," in Bernard Scheid and Mark Teeuwen (eds.) ''The Culture of Secrecy in Japanese Religion'', Routledge (2006), 341-344.  

*Gallery labels, Taichôrô, Fukuzen-ji, Tomonoura, Hiroshima pref.

*Gallery labels, Taichôrô, Fukuzen-ji, Tomonoura, Hiroshima pref.

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[[Category:Edo Period]]

[[Category:Edo Period]]

[[Category:Diplomats]]

[[Category:Diplomats]]