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==Timeline of 1853==
==Timeline of 1853==
*1853/2/29 American fleet ([[Black Ships]]) led by Commodore [[Matthew Perry]] lands at Hong Kong.
*Kaei 5/12/1-2 (Jan. 10-11) An American fleet ([[Black Ships]]) led by [[Commodore Matthew Perry]] make port at St. Helena.
*Kaei 5/12/15-25 (Jan. 24 - Feb. 3) Perry's fleet makes port at Capetown, in South Africa.
*1853/1/11-21 Perry's fleet makes port in Mauritius.
*1853/2/1-6 Perry's fleet makes port at Ceylon (Sri Lanka).
*1853/2/16-20 Perry's fleet makes port at Singapore.
*1853/2/29 Perry's fleet lands at Hong Kong or Macao.
*1853/3/21 Perry's fleet leaves Hong Kong / Macao.
*1853/3/27 Perry's fleet lands at Shanghai.
*1853/3/27 Perry's fleet lands at Shanghai.
*1853/4/19 Perry's fleet lands at [[Naha]].
*1853/4/10 Perry's fleet departs Shanghai.
*1853/5/8 Perry's fleet reaches the [[Ogasawara Islands]].
*1853/4/16 A fire destroys [[Tsuwano castle]] and much of the surrounding [[castle-town]].
*1853/4/19 (May 26) Perry's fleet lands at [[Naha]].
*1853/4 The Ryukyuan royal regent visits Perry aboard ship and attempts to convince him to give up his intentions to visit [[Shuri castle]]. Perry denies Bettelheim's request to travel with him to Japan.
*1853/4/23 (May 30) Several of Perry's men seize the main assembly hall / schoolhouse of [[Tomari]], establishing it as an American residence.
*1853/4/23 Perry begins an exploration of the other islands near Okinawa.
*1863/4/26 (June 2) The ''Caprice'' from Perry's fleet departs Okinawa for Shanghai, carrying laundry, $800 to be deposited into the banks in the name of British missionary [[Bernard Bettelheim]], and post, including a letter from Commodore Perry to the US Secretary of the Navy, and Bettleheim's first missives in 11 months.
*1853/4/30 (June 6) Perry forces his way into Shuri castle, but is denied an audience with the king or queen mother.
*1853/5 Perry holds a full-dress review of his fleet at Naha Harbor.
*1853/5 Perry claims a portion of the [[Gokoku-ji (Okinawa)|Gokoku-ji]] complex where Bettelheim had been living as pasture for the fleet's flocks.
*1853/5/3-24 (June 9-30) Perry explores the [[Ogasawara Islands]], claims them for the United States, and returns to Okinawa.
*1853/5/8 Perry buys land from Nathaniel Savory on [[Chichijima|Peel Island]] in the Ogasawaras to use as a coal yard, and discusses plans to establish a colonial government.
*1853/5/15 Celebrations are held in Edo for the 60th birthday of Shogun [[Tokugawa Ieyoshi]].
*1853/5/17 Perry returns to Naha.
*1853/5/22 Perry banquets members of the Ryukyuan court aboard the USS ''Susquehanna''.
*1853/5/26 Perry departs Okinawa.
*1853/6/2-12 (July 7-17) Perry makes his first visit to mainland Japan.
*1853/6/3 Perry's fleet lands at [[Uraga]] near [[Edo]], presents credentials from Pres. Fillmore to [[Tokugawa shogunate]] officials.
*1853/6/3 Perry's fleet lands at [[Uraga]] near [[Edo]], presents credentials from Pres. Fillmore to [[Tokugawa shogunate]] officials.
*1853/6 [[Abe Masahiro]] reports on the arrival of the Black Ships to the [[Imperial Court]].
*1853/6 [[Abe Masahiro]] reports on the arrival of the Black Ships to the [[Imperial Court]].
*1853/7/18 Russian embassy under [[Yevfimy Vasilyevich Putyatin|Putyatin]] arrives in [[Nagasaki]].
*1853/6/9 Perry delivers the formal letter from President Millard Fillmore, and states that he will return "in due course" to receive the emperor's reply.
*1853/6/17 A British ship crashes at [[Miyakojima]]. The islanders take care of them, and the [[Ryukyu Kingdom]] government arranges to have the six surviving British and 24 surviving Chinese sent back to China on an American vessel.
*1853/6/20 (July 25) Perry's fleet arrives in Ryûkyû for the third time.
*1853/6/23 Perry meets with the Ryukyuan regent, and receives the formal response to his insistence that the kingdom allow for the construction of a coaling station at Naha and the free welcoming of American ships. The regent denies his request at first, but capitulates once the commodore threatens to seize Shuri castle.
*1853/6/27 Perry departs Okinawa.
*1853 July The shogunate consults various daimyô on the issue of opening the country. [[Tokugawa Nariaki]] of [[Mito han]] is appointed to oversee the country's naval defense.
*1853 July The shogunate consults various daimyô on the issue of opening the country. [[Tokugawa Nariaki]] of [[Mito han]] is appointed to oversee the country's naval defense.
*1853/7/13 One of the four American ships sets sail, leaving Naha.
*1853/7/16 A second of the four American ships leaves Naha.
*1853/7/19 A third of the three American ships leaves Naha, leaving only one ship remaining in the harbor.
*1853/7/18 Russian embassy under [[Yevfimy Vasilyevich Putyatin|Putyatin]] arrives in [[Nagasaki]] with four ships.
*1853/7/26 The Russian vessel ''[[Vostok]]'' departs Nagasaki.
*1853/7/29 The Russian vessel ''[[Menshikov]]'' departs Nagasaki.
*1853 August Construction begins on coastal fort at [[Shinagawa]].
*1853 August Construction begins on coastal fort at [[Shinagawa]].
*1853 September Ban on the construction of large ships is lifted.
*1853/9/15 The shogunate lifts its ban on the construction of large ships.
*1853/10/1 Two ships depart [[Miyako Island]], carrying away 280 Chinese coolies who had hidden out on the island, bringing a resolution to the [[Robert Browne Incident|''Robert Browne'' Incident]] of the previous year.
*1853/10/15 The Russian warship ''Vostok'' returns to Nagasaki.
*1853/10/23 [[Tokugawa Iesada]] becomes shogun.
*1853/11/15 - 12/30 (Dec 15 - Jan 28) Perry's fleet makes its second expedition exploring Okinawa and its neighboring islands.
*1853/12/5 Putyatin's fleet returns to Nagasaki.
==Other Events of 1853==
*A [[tribute]] mission returning to Ryûkyû from China hides out in northern [[Fujian province]] for several months in order to avoid [[Taiping Rebellion|Taiping rebels]].
*The [[Nien Rebellion]] breaks out in [[Anhui province|Anhui]] and [[Shandong province]]s in China, continuing until [[1868]].
*The final tribute mission from Siam to Beijing ([[Qing Dynasty|Qing]] China) takes place.
*An accidental shooting<!--誤射事件--> incident occurs in [[Unna]] [[magiri]], in Ryûkyû.
*Russians establish a military camp at [[Kushun kotan]] on [[Sakhalin Island]].
===Births and Deaths===
===Births and Deaths===
*1853/6/22 Shogun [[Tokugawa Ieyoshi]] (b. 1793) dies and is succeeded by [[Tokugawa Iesada]].
*1853/1/20 [[Tokugawa Harutomi]], former lord of [[Wakayama han]], dies.
*1853/3/1 Makoto-no-miya, son of [[Prince Fushimi Kuniie]], dies.
*1853/5/16 [[Iwakura Tomoai]] dies.
*1853/6/19 (July 24) Hugh Ellis of the ''[[USS Mississippi]]'' dies, and is buried in the [[Tomari International Cemetery]] in [[Naha]].
*1853/6/22 Shogun [[Tokugawa Ieyoshi]] dies (b. 1793).
*1853/6/22 [[Mine-hime]] dies.
*1853/8/10 [[Sakai Tadatomi]], lord of [[Himeji han]], dies.
*1853/8/16 [[Matsudaira Chokichiro|Matsudaira Chôkichirô]], the 12th son of Shogun [[Tokugawa Ieyoshi]], dies (b. [[1852]]).
*[[Jan Cock Blumhoff]] dies (b. [[1779]]).
*[[Ernest Fenollosa]] is born (d. [[1908]]).
*Painter [[Fuji Masazo|Fuji Masazô]] is born (d. 1916).
*[[Hayashi Tadamasa]], Paris-based art dealer, is born (d. [[1906]]).
*[[Clothing|Kimono]] dealer [[Kawashima Jinbei II]] is born (d. [[1910]]).
*Art historian [[Denman Waldo Ross]] is born (d. 1935).
*[[Yabu Meizan]] is born (d. 1934).
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