Changes

Following its appearance, the shamisen quickly became incorporated into a variety of popular entertainment modes and traditions, eventually being adopted into the kabuki and puppet theatres, and geisha and courtesan teahouses, though it was never adopted into more elite contexts such as the [[Noh]] theatre. Some of the earliest genres that made use of the shamisen include ''jiuta'' and ''kouta'' (parlor songs often accompanying dances), ''zokkyoku'' (one of the chief styles of geisha music), and the ''sekkyô-bushi'' and ''[[joruri|jôruri]]'' storytelling modes. The ''ningyô jôruri'' puppet theater incorporated the shamisen from the very beginning, around the year [[1600]], developing its own distinctive genre (''[[gidayu-bushi|gidayû-bushi]]'') and indeed its own distinctive style of instrument (the [[gidayu shamisen|gidayû shamisen]]) by the early 18th century. Meanwhile, though it has been suggested that the shamisen was not initially incorporated into ''onna kabuki'' (women's kabuki) in the early 17th century, it became the central musical instrument in kabuki by the 1650s.<ref>Tsubaki, 304-305.</ref>

Following its appearance, the shamisen quickly became incorporated into a variety of popular entertainment modes and traditions, eventually being adopted into the kabuki and puppet theatres, and geisha and courtesan teahouses, though it was never adopted into more elite contexts such as the [[Noh]] theatre. Some of the earliest genres that made use of the shamisen include ''jiuta'' and ''kouta'' (parlor songs often accompanying dances), ''zokkyoku'' (one of the chief styles of geisha music), and the ''sekkyô-bushi'' and ''[[joruri|jôruri]]'' storytelling modes. The ''ningyô jôruri'' puppet theater incorporated the shamisen from the very beginning, around the year [[1600]], developing its own distinctive genre (''[[gidayu-bushi|gidayû-bushi]]'') and indeed its own distinctive style of instrument (the [[gidayu shamisen|gidayû shamisen]]) by the early 18th century. Meanwhile, though it has been suggested that the shamisen was not initially incorporated into ''onna kabuki'' (women's kabuki) in the early 17th century, it became the central musical instrument in kabuki by the 1650s.<ref>Tsubaki, 304-305.</ref>

The shamisen was strongly associated with the so-called "floating world" of [[Edo period]] urban popular culture, and with the popular aesthetic known as [[iki|''iki'' or ''sui'']]. However, while it may have been a key element of the aesthetic of "cool" or "chic" in the Edo period, some scholars argue that it was because of this very same strong association with low-class, popular culture (and not elite culture) that shamisen music was during the [[Meiji period]] not raised up as a celebrated example of traditional Japanese music, and that Japan instead turned away from these traditions and embraced Western classical music as strongly as it did.<ref name=tokita236/>

The shamisen was strongly associated with the so-called "floating world" of [[Edo period]] urban popular culture, and with the popular aesthetic known as [[iki|''iki'' or ''sui'']]. It nevertheless possessed some cache among elite classes, and shamisen was perhaps the most common cultural skill practiced by young women in the Edo period, and demonstrated by young women as part of their interviews or auditions for employment as attendants in samurai households.<ref>Rebecca Corbett, ''Cultivating Femininity: Women and Tea Culture in Edo and Meiji Japan'', University of Hawaii Press (2018), 128-129.</ref> While shamisen may have been a key element of the aesthetic of "cool" or "chic" in the Edo period, some scholars argue that it was because of this very same strong association with low-class, popular culture (and not elite culture) that shamisen music was during the [[Meiji period]] not raised up as a celebrated example of traditional Japanese music, and that Japan instead turned away from these traditions and embraced Western classical music as strongly as it did.<ref name=tokita236/>

===Musical Genres===

===Musical Genres===