Changes

In the late 16th and early 17th centuries, merchants trading in Southeast Asia carried official permits, marking them as licensed traders and differentiating them from smugglers and pirates. These permits were stamped with a red seal (''shuin''), and as a result, the traders' ships came to be known as ''shuinsen'', or "red seal ships."

In the late 16th and early 17th centuries, merchants trading in Southeast Asia carried official permits, marking them as licensed traders and differentiating them from smugglers and pirates. These permits were stamped with a red seal (''shuin''), and as a result, the traders' ships came to be known as ''shuinsen'', or "red seal ships."

The system was begun by [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]], but was further systematized under [[Shogun]] [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]], who appointed a [[Nagasaki bugyo|bugyô (magistrate) to Nagasaki]], and planned a system of governing foreign trade. He sought to guarantee (maintain) revenue from foreign trade while enforcing the ban on Christianity, and granted red seal licenses to ''daimyô'' and merchants who sought to engage in overseas trade. ''Daimyô'' were no longer permitted to hold red seal licenses, however, after [[1612]], as part of efforts to strengthen the security of Tokugawa rule by restricting ''daimyô'' power. Further, while red seal licenses continued to be issued to non-Japanese ship captains, patrons, or merchants, ship crews were required to include at least a certain proportion of Japanese crew members.<ref>William Wray, “The Seventeenth-century Japanese Diaspora: Questions of Boundary and Policy,” in Ina Baghdiantz McCabe et al (eds.), ''Diaspora Entrepreneurial Networks'', Oxford: Berg (2005), 82.</ref>

The system was begun by [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]], but was further systematized under [[Shogun]] [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]], who appointed a [[Nagasaki bugyo|bugyô (magistrate) to Nagasaki]], and planned a system of governing foreign trade. He sought to guarantee (maintain) revenue from foreign trade while enforcing the ban on Christianity, and granted red seal licenses to ''daimyô'' and merchants who sought to engage in overseas trade. ''Daimyô'' were no longer permitted to hold red seal licenses, however, after [[1612]], as part of efforts to strengthen the security of Tokugawa rule by restricting ''daimyô'' power. Further, while red seal licenses continued to be issued to non-Japanese ship captains, patrons, or merchants, ship crews were required to include at least a certain proportion of Japanese crew members.<ref>William Wray, “The Seventeenth-century Japanese Diaspora: Questions of Boundary and Policy,” in Ina Baghdiantz McCabe et al (eds.), ''Diaspora Entrepreneurial Networks'', Oxford: Berg (2005), 82.</ref>

 

 

Red seal ships traveled to a number of ports in Southeast Asia; in [[1624]], for example, 35 ships traveled to Siam, 26 to Vietnam, two to Brunei, 30 to the Philippines, 23 to Cambodia, and one to Melaka.<ref>Geoffrey Gunn, ''History Without Borders: The Making of an Asian World Region, 1000-1800'', Hong Kong University Press (2011), 215-216.</ref>

In the time of the third [[Tokugawa shogunate|Tokugawa shogun]], [[Tokugawa Iemitsu]], the system was strengthened, adding the requirement of obtaining a ''[[hosho|hôsho]]'', a second license or permission, from the ''[[roju|rôjû]]'' (the chief shogunate elders), and addressed to the Nagasaki ''bugyô'', granting the merchant permission to depart. This came after the realization by the shogunate that many of the ''shuinjô'' licenses given to foreign merchants were being used by ''daimyô'' or other high-ranking shogunate officials to engage in illegal trade; thus, the system had to be strengthened.<ref name=jansen>[[Marius Jansen]], ''China in the Tokugawa World'', Harvard University Press (1992), 18-19.</ref>

In the time of the third [[Tokugawa shogunate|Tokugawa shogun]], [[Tokugawa Iemitsu]], the system was strengthened, adding the requirement of obtaining a ''[[hosho|hôsho]]'', a second license or permission, from the ''[[roju|rôjû]]'' (the chief shogunate elders), and addressed to the Nagasaki ''bugyô'', granting the merchant permission to depart. This came after the realization by the shogunate that many of the ''shuinjô'' licenses given to foreign merchants were being used by ''daimyô'' or other high-ranking shogunate officials to engage in illegal trade; thus, the system had to be strengthened.<ref name=jansen>[[Marius Jansen]], ''China in the Tokugawa World'', Harvard University Press (1992), 18-19.</ref>

Among the merchants who were granted red seal licenses and permission to engage in overseas trade, there were those who came to be known as the seven Great Red Seal Ship Families, who the shogunate remembered and appreciated. In [[Kyoto]], these families included the [[Sueyoshi family|Sueyoshi]] and [[Fushimi family|Fushimi families]], the house of [[Chaya Shirojiro|Chaya Shirôjirô]], and the house of [[Suminokura Ryoi|Suminokura Ryôi]]. The son of [[William Adams]] also continued to enjoy "red seal" trading privileges, adopting his father's sobriquet, Miura Anjin.<ref name=jansen/> Merchants frequently made offerings of ''[[ema]]'' (votive tablets) at [[Kiyomizu-dera]] before departing for Southeast Asia, in order to pray for a safe journey. Unlike the ''ema'' sold today at [[Shinto shrines]], which are about the size of a postcard (though a good half-inch thick), these ''ema'' could be as large as several meters on a side.

Among the merchants who were granted red seal licenses and permission to engage in overseas trade, there were those who came to be known as the seven Great Red Seal Ship Families, who the shogunate remembered and appreciated. In [[Kyoto]], these families included the [[Sueyoshi family|Sueyoshi]] and [[Fushimi family|Fushimi families]], the house of [[Chaya Shirojiro|Chaya Shirôjirô]], and the house of [[Suminokura Ryoi|Suminokura Ryôi]]. The son of [[William Adams]] also continued to enjoy "red seal" trading privileges, adopting his father's sobriquet, Miura Anjin.<ref name=jansen/> Merchants frequently made offerings of ''[[ema]]'' (votive tablets) at [[Kiyomizu-dera]] before departing for Southeast Asia, in order to pray for a safe journey. Unlike the ''ema'' sold today at [[Shinto shrines]], which are about the size of a postcard (though a good half-inch thick), these ''ema'' could be as large as several meters on a side.

The ''shuinsen'' (red seal ships) system ended, however, with the implementation of [[kaikin|maritime restrictions]] in the 1630s-[[1640]]. By that time, roughly 350 licenses had been issued, including 43 to Chinese merchants and 38 to Europeans,<ref name=jansen/> though for at least part of this period it was required that license-holders had to have at least partially Japanese crews.<ref>Kang, David C. “Hierarchy in Asian International Relations: 1300-1900.” ''Asian Security'' 1, no. 1 (2005), 69.</ref> Many of the ships were constructed according to a fusion of European and East Asian forms, e.g. combining European rigging with an East Asian junk's hull. Portuguese piloted many of these ships, and there are numerous records of European sailors coming across red seal ships and describing them as possessing a decidedly strange appearance, because of their mixed crews and mixed construction. Red seal ships traveled to a number of ports in Southeast Asia; in [[1624]], for example, 35 ships traveled to Siam, 26 to Vietnam, two to Brunei, 30 to the Philippines, 23 to Cambodia, and one to Melaka.<ref>Geoffrey Gunn, ''History Without Borders: The Making of an Asian World Region, 1000-1800'', Hong Kong University Press (2011), 215-216.</ref>

The ''shuinsen'' (red seal ships) system ended, however, with the implementation of [[kaikin|maritime restrictions]] in the 1630s-[[1640]]. By that time, roughly 350 licenses had been issued, including 43 to Chinese merchants and 38 to Europeans,<ref name=jansen/> though for at least part of this period it was required that license-holders had to have at least partially Japanese crews.<ref>Kang, David C. “Hierarchy in Asian International Relations: 1300-1900.” ''Asian Security'' 1, no. 1 (2005), 69.</ref>

{{stub}}

{{stub}}