Changes

After the fall of the Ming, the Manchus lost no time in establishing policies and regulations for tributary relations. The Qing Court essentially continued the tributary relations of the Ming period, maintaining or putting into place procedures for receiving tribute ships and storing their cargoes, banning goods of strategic importance from leaving the country, and setting regulations for the size of incoming tribute missions.<ref>Schottenhammer, "East Asian Maritime World," 26.</ref> Though the total volume of goods obtained by China through this tribute trade is generally said to have been too small to have interested the Qing Court as an economic incentive (and, the missions were quite expensive to receive, especially when gifts bestowed upon the tributary envoys are considered), continued tributary relations with Korea and Ryûkyû in particular seem to have been regarded as quite important as proof of Chinese superiority and centrality, and of Qing legitimacy.<ref>Schottenhammer, "Empire and Periphery?", 188.</ref>

After the fall of the Ming, the Manchus lost no time in establishing policies and regulations for tributary relations. The Qing Court essentially continued the tributary relations of the Ming period, maintaining or putting into place procedures for receiving tribute ships and storing their cargoes, banning goods of strategic importance from leaving the country, and setting regulations for the size of incoming tribute missions.<ref>Schottenhammer, "East Asian Maritime World," 26.</ref> Though the total volume of goods obtained by China through this tribute trade is generally said to have been too small to have interested the Qing Court as an economic incentive (and, the missions were quite expensive to receive, especially when gifts bestowed upon the tributary envoys are considered), continued tributary relations with Korea and Ryûkyû in particular seem to have been regarded as quite important as proof of Chinese superiority and centrality, and of Qing legitimacy.<ref>Schottenhammer, "Empire and Periphery?", 188.</ref>

Qing received tribute from Korea annually, from Ryûkyû once every two years, from Siam every three years, Annam every four years, and from Laos and Burma once in a decade. Though all of these tributary relationships had ''de facto'' ended by the mid-to-late 19th century, an 1899 document still lists all of those polities as tributaries.<ref>Schottenhammer, "East Asian Maritime World," 31.</ref> Official documents presented to the Qing Court were generally written in Chinese in the tributary country, and then translated into the [[Manchu language]], and presented to the Court in both languages.<ref name=kuninda/>

Qing received tribute from Korea annually, from Ryûkyû once every two years, from Siam every three years, Annam every four years, and from Laos and Burma once in a decade. Though all of these tributary relationships had ''de facto'' ended by the mid-to-late 19th century,<ref>Siam in [[1852]], Burma in [[1874]], Ryûkyû in [[1875]], and Vietnam in [[1882]]. Anthony Reid, "Introduction," in Reid & Zheng Yangwen (eds.), ''Negotiating Asymmetry: China's Place in Asia'' (NUS Press, 2009), 17.</ref> an 1899 document still lists all of those polities as tributaries.<ref>Schottenhammer, "East Asian Maritime World," 31.</ref> Official documents presented to the Qing Court were generally written in Chinese in the tributary country, and then translated into the [[Manchu language]], and presented to the Court in both languages.<ref name=kuninda/>

Korea sent at least 435 [[Korean tribute missions to China|missions to Qing China]] between [[1637]] and [[1881]], bringing goods such as deer and leopard skins, ox horns, gold, silver, tea, paper, various types of textiles, and rice, along with goods obtained from Southeast Asia or elsewhere, such as sappanwood, pepper, and swords and knives.<ref name=schottenhammer556/>

Korea sent at least 435 [[Korean tribute missions to China|missions to Qing China]] between [[1637]] and [[1881]], bringing goods such as deer and leopard skins, ox horns, gold, silver, tea, paper, various types of textiles, and rice, along with goods obtained from Southeast Asia or elsewhere, such as sappanwood, pepper, and swords and knives.<ref name=schottenhammer556/>