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Though occupied fighting the [[Revolt of Three Feudatories]] ([[1673]]-[[1681]]) in southern China, and [[Ming loyalists]] on [[Taiwan]], the Kangxi Emperor began to worry that if the Zunghars were to ally with the Russians, they could pose a truly serious threat to Qing territory. The Zunghars and Russians never did enter into any such alliance, but as part of a wider series of efforts to secure his borders, the Kangxi Emperor dispatched armies (led by the emperor's own brother) to battle Galdan, shortly after concluding the [[Treaty of Nerchinsk]] with the Russians in [[1689]]. Several years later, the fighting remained inconclusive, and Kangxi decided to head to battle himself. He commanded, in person, one of three Qing armies totaling some 80,000 troops, which pushed the Zunghars westward, and defeated Galdan at the decisive battle of Jao Modo in [[1696]]. The Zunghar leader died the following year.
Though occupied fighting the [[Revolt of Three Feudatories]] ([[1673]]-[[1681]]) in southern China, and [[Ming loyalists]] on [[Taiwan]], the Kangxi Emperor began to worry that if the Zunghars were to ally with the Russians, they could pose a truly serious threat to Qing territory. The Zunghars and Russians never did enter into any such alliance, but as part of a wider series of efforts to secure his borders, the Kangxi Emperor dispatched armies (led by the emperor's own brother) to battle Galdan, shortly after concluding the [[Treaty of Nerchinsk]] with the Russians in [[1689]]. Several years later, the fighting remained inconclusive, and Kangxi decided to head to battle himself. He commanded, in person, one of three Qing armies totaling some 80,000 troops, which pushed the Zunghars westward, and defeated Galdan at the decisive battle of Jao Modo in [[1696]]. The Zunghar leader died the following year.
The [[Yongzheng Emperor]] launched a new series of campaigns against the Zunghars in the 1720s-30s, but these went poorly. These campaigns included some successful attacks on Urumqi by General Yue Zhongqi in [[1732]], but his forces were simultaneously hammered at Hami; another Qing general meanwhile led 10,000 men into an ambush at Khobdo, losing 8000 of them, including most of his officers. The Qing would not manage to secure their control over this area until the 1760s.<ref>Spence, 88.</ref>
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==References==
==References==
*Jonathan Spence, ''The Search for Modern China'', Second Edition, W.W. Norton & Co. (1999), 67-68.
*Jonathan Spence, ''The Search for Modern China'', Second Edition, W.W. Norton & Co. (1999), 67-68.
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[[Category:Groups]]
[[Category:Groups]]
[[Category:Edo Period]]
[[Category:Edo Period]]