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*''Japanese'': 新潟市 ''(Niigata-shi)''

*''Japanese'': 新潟市 ''(Niigata-shi)''

Niigata is the capital city of [[Niigata prefecture]], and has a long history as a significant port town on the [[Sea of Japan]] coast.

Niigata is the capital city of [[Niigata prefecture]], and has a long history as a significant port town on the [[Sea of Japan]] coast. It is situated at the mouth of the [[Shinano River]], and faces [[Sado Island]] (''Sado-ga-shima'') across the Sado Strait.

During the [[Edo period]], Niigata was a major port in [[Nagaoka han]], [[Echigo province]]. For a number of years in the 1820s to early 1840s, ships sponsored by [[Satsuma han]] (including, chiefly, ones run by the [[Hamazaki family]]) brought [[sugar]], sweet potatoes, and perhaps various Chinese goods, to Niigata to trade for cinnabar and medicinal goods. The shogunate, under ''[[roju|rôjû]]'' [[Mizuno Tadakuni]], seeking to exert greater control over domestic and foreign trade, added the port of Niigata and the neighboring village of Niigata-hama to the set of cities under direct shogunate control in [[1843]], setting the stage for it to become opened to foreign trade as a [[treaty port]] in the 1850s.

During the [[Edo period]], Niigata was the chief economic center of [[Nagaoka han]], [[Echigo province]], and a key port along the ''[[kitamaebune]]'' or ''nishi mawari kôro'' ("western sea circuit") trade route connecting [[Hokkaido|Hokkaidô]] and the Sea of Japan coast to the [[Inland Sea]] and [[Osaka]]. Primarily a merchant city, Niigata lacked a castle, and a magistrates' office was the chief site of samurai activity. The city saw much cultural activity, including theater, [[sumo]], and festivals, and emerged as a major site, famous throughout the realm, of [[prostitution]].

 

As early as the late 17th century, Niigata played a key role in the transportation of rice paid in taxes from [[Hokuriku]] and [[Tohoku|Tôhoku]] domains to the shogunate storehouses at Osaka. The business of the rice trade fluctuated, and at one time in the 18th century, the port became silted up and too shallow for the large tax-rice ships. However, by the beginning of the 19th century, as many as 2,000 vessels might visit Niigata in a year, carrying not only tax rice, but a wide variety of other goods, including marine products from [[Ezo]], sugar, Chinese medicine, and [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryukyuan]] red ink. For a number of years in the 1820s to early 1840s, ships sponsored by [[Satsuma han]] (including, chiefly, ones run by the [[Hamazaki family]]) brought [[sugar]], sweet potatoes, and perhaps various Chinese goods, to Niigata to trade for cinnabar and medicinal goods. Merchants of the city paid taxes to the town office (''machi kaisho''), which was run by elders known as ''kendan'' and ''chôrô'', who then conveyed the tax payments to the domainal authorities in [[Nagaoka castle|Nagaoka]]. As in many [[han|domains]], towards the end of the Edo period, the domain authorities fell into severe debt; in Nagaoka, efforts to alleviate these financial difficulties included forcing merchants to give loans to the authorities, sometimes amounting to as much as tens of thousands of ''[[currency|ryô]]'' at a time.

 

The shogunate, under ''[[roju|rôjû]]'' [[Mizuno Tadakuni]], seeking to exert greater control over domestic and foreign trade, added the port of Niigata and the neighboring village of Niigata-hama to the set of cities under direct shogunate control in [[1843]], setting the stage for it to become opened to foreign trade as a [[treaty port]] in the 1850s.

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==References==

==References==

*Robert Hellyer, ''Defining Engagement'', Harvard University Press (2009), 139.

*Robert Hellyer, ''Defining Engagement'', Harvard University Press (2009), 139.

==External Links==

==External Links==