*bakuhan taisei, Shogun, Roju, Hatamoto, Daimyo (fudai and tozama)
*bakuhan taisei, Shogun, Roju, Hatamoto, Daimyo (fudai and tozama)
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Communications from Nagasaki to Edo by the fastest means possible could take about a week, while messages traveling through official channels could take at least a month. Adding in the time it took for shogunate officials to deliberate and make decisions, the overall decision-making process could take a considerable amount of time. During the Bakumatsu period, this would prove a source of irritation to representatives of Western countries, accustomed to steamships, railroads, and telegraphs, which allowed for faster communication times.<ref>Mitani Hiroshi, David Noble (trans.), ''Escape from Impasse'', International House of Japan (2006), xxxiii.</ref>