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Jump to navigationJump to searchCreated page with "*''Japanese'': 老中 ''(roujuu)'' The ''rôjû'', also known as "senior councillors" or Elders, were a committee or council of four or five ''fudai daimyô'' who served as t..."
*''Japanese'': 老中 ''(roujuu)''
The ''rôjû'', also known as "senior councillors" or Elders, were a committee or council of four or five ''fudai daimyô'' who served as the highest decision-making body in [[Tokugawa shogunate|Tokugawa Japan]]. While they acted in the name of the shogun, issuing ''[[hosho|hôsho]]'' which spoke with his authority, and often consulted the shogun on a variety of matters, it was the ''rôjû'' and not the shogun who applied their seals or signatures to the vast majority of documents,<ref>One of the only cases in which the shogun signed his own signature was on official communications with the King of [[Joseon Dynasty|Korea]].</ref> and who were the ''de facto'' decision-makers in most matters of policy.
The ''rôjû'', along with the junior councillors or ''[[wakadoshiyori]]'', were selected chiefly from middle- to low-ranking ''fudai'' houses, in order to help ensure that those families who already possessed considerable rank, wealth, and power, were not to be granted further authority to dominate policy. In short, it was something of a measure towards greater balance of power. On rare occasions, a ''tozama'' or ''shinpan daimyô'' was named to the ''rôjû'' council, but even then, it was never a member of the most powerful families. Members of the [[Tokugawa clan|Tokugawa]] collateral families (the ''[[Gosanke]]'' and ''[[Gosankyo|Gosankyô]]'') were ineligible for membership on the council.
The council met in a room known as the ''goyô beya'', where they discussed both matters of internal (domestic) administration and foreign relations; the council was also responsible for overseeing the [[kuge|court nobility]] and all the [[han|''daimyô'' domains]]/houses, and wielded the ability to dispatch ''[[metsuke|ômetsuke]]'' (inspectors) to the domains to help determine that policy was being observed. Among their many responsibilities and powers, the ''rôjû'' served as regents for young shoguns, and as intermediaries in shogunal audiences (e.g. between the shogun and the ''daimyô'' of [[Tsushima han]] in audiences with [[Korean embassies to Edo|Korean emissaries), and heard and decided petitions and cases regarding domainal politics and policies. The position of chair of the council (''rôjû shuza'') rotated every month, and in addition the post of ''[[tairo|tairô]]'' stood above the ''rôjû'' in rank, but with a few exceptions, the ''tairô'' was a purely honorary position and neither he nor the monthly chairman wielded much actual power. One or two ''rôjû'' assigned ''kattegakari'' (overseer of finance) did wield considerable power, however, as that position was the immediate superior to the ''[[kanjo bugyo|kattekata kanjô bugyô]]'', the Magistrate of Finance, who oversaw the shogunate's administrative budget.
The term was also used at times for senior councillors within domain governments.
==Selected List of Rôjû==
*[[Honda Masanobu]] (d. [[1617]])
*[[Hotta Masamori]] (served [[1633]]-[[1651]])
*[[Sakai Tadakatsu]]
*[[Okubo Tadatomo|Ôkubo Tadatomo]] (served [[1677]]-[[1698]])
*[[Hotta Masatoshi]] (served [[1679]]-[[1680]])
*[[Tsuchiya Masanao]] (served [[1687]]-?)
*[[Kuze Shigeyuki]] (served 1687-[[1718]])
*[[Ogasawara Nagashige]] (served [[1697]]-1705, [[1709]]-[[1710]])
*[[Akimoto Takatomo]] (served [[1699]]-[[1707]])
*[[Inaba Masatomo]] (served [[1701]]-1707)
*[[Honda Masanaga]] (served [[1705]]-1711)
*[[Okubo Tadamasu|Ôkubo Tadamasu]] (served 1705-[[1713]])
*[[Inoue Masamine]] (served 1705-[[1722]])
*[[Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu]] (served [[1706]]-1709)
*[[Abe Masataka]] (served [[1711]]-[[1717]])
*[[Akitomo Takatomo]] (d. [[1714]])
*[[Toda Tadazane]] (served 1714-[[1729]])
*[[Mizuno Tadayuki]] (served 1717-?)
*[[Honda Tadayoshi (1690-1751)|Honda Tadayoshi]] (served [[1734]]-[[1735]])
*[[Matsudaira Takechika]] (d. [[1779]]).
*[[Matsudaira Sadanobu]] (served 1780s-[[1793]])
*[[Sakai Tadakiyo]]
*[[Mizuno Tadaakira]] (served [[1818]]-?)
*[[Manabe Akikatsu]] (served [[1840]]-[[1843]], [[1858]]-[[1859]])
*[[Hotta Masayoshi]] (1850s)
*[[Abe Masahiro]] (1850s)
*[[Mizuno Tadakuni]]
*[[Ando Nobumasa|Andô Nobumasa]]
*[[Itakura Katsukiyo]] (ousted [[1864]])
*[[Inaba Masakuni]]
*[[Sakai Tadato]]
==References==
*Mitani Hiroshi, David Noble (trans.), ''Escape from Impasse'', International House of Japan (2006), xxiv-xxviii.
[[Category:Edo Period]]
[[Category:Ranks and Titles]]
The ''rôjû'', also known as "senior councillors" or Elders, were a committee or council of four or five ''fudai daimyô'' who served as the highest decision-making body in [[Tokugawa shogunate|Tokugawa Japan]]. While they acted in the name of the shogun, issuing ''[[hosho|hôsho]]'' which spoke with his authority, and often consulted the shogun on a variety of matters, it was the ''rôjû'' and not the shogun who applied their seals or signatures to the vast majority of documents,<ref>One of the only cases in which the shogun signed his own signature was on official communications with the King of [[Joseon Dynasty|Korea]].</ref> and who were the ''de facto'' decision-makers in most matters of policy.
The ''rôjû'', along with the junior councillors or ''[[wakadoshiyori]]'', were selected chiefly from middle- to low-ranking ''fudai'' houses, in order to help ensure that those families who already possessed considerable rank, wealth, and power, were not to be granted further authority to dominate policy. In short, it was something of a measure towards greater balance of power. On rare occasions, a ''tozama'' or ''shinpan daimyô'' was named to the ''rôjû'' council, but even then, it was never a member of the most powerful families. Members of the [[Tokugawa clan|Tokugawa]] collateral families (the ''[[Gosanke]]'' and ''[[Gosankyo|Gosankyô]]'') were ineligible for membership on the council.
The council met in a room known as the ''goyô beya'', where they discussed both matters of internal (domestic) administration and foreign relations; the council was also responsible for overseeing the [[kuge|court nobility]] and all the [[han|''daimyô'' domains]]/houses, and wielded the ability to dispatch ''[[metsuke|ômetsuke]]'' (inspectors) to the domains to help determine that policy was being observed. Among their many responsibilities and powers, the ''rôjû'' served as regents for young shoguns, and as intermediaries in shogunal audiences (e.g. between the shogun and the ''daimyô'' of [[Tsushima han]] in audiences with [[Korean embassies to Edo|Korean emissaries), and heard and decided petitions and cases regarding domainal politics and policies. The position of chair of the council (''rôjû shuza'') rotated every month, and in addition the post of ''[[tairo|tairô]]'' stood above the ''rôjû'' in rank, but with a few exceptions, the ''tairô'' was a purely honorary position and neither he nor the monthly chairman wielded much actual power. One or two ''rôjû'' assigned ''kattegakari'' (overseer of finance) did wield considerable power, however, as that position was the immediate superior to the ''[[kanjo bugyo|kattekata kanjô bugyô]]'', the Magistrate of Finance, who oversaw the shogunate's administrative budget.
The term was also used at times for senior councillors within domain governments.
==Selected List of Rôjû==
*[[Honda Masanobu]] (d. [[1617]])
*[[Hotta Masamori]] (served [[1633]]-[[1651]])
*[[Sakai Tadakatsu]]
*[[Okubo Tadatomo|Ôkubo Tadatomo]] (served [[1677]]-[[1698]])
*[[Hotta Masatoshi]] (served [[1679]]-[[1680]])
*[[Tsuchiya Masanao]] (served [[1687]]-?)
*[[Kuze Shigeyuki]] (served 1687-[[1718]])
*[[Ogasawara Nagashige]] (served [[1697]]-1705, [[1709]]-[[1710]])
*[[Akimoto Takatomo]] (served [[1699]]-[[1707]])
*[[Inaba Masatomo]] (served [[1701]]-1707)
*[[Honda Masanaga]] (served [[1705]]-1711)
*[[Okubo Tadamasu|Ôkubo Tadamasu]] (served 1705-[[1713]])
*[[Inoue Masamine]] (served 1705-[[1722]])
*[[Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu]] (served [[1706]]-1709)
*[[Abe Masataka]] (served [[1711]]-[[1717]])
*[[Akitomo Takatomo]] (d. [[1714]])
*[[Toda Tadazane]] (served 1714-[[1729]])
*[[Mizuno Tadayuki]] (served 1717-?)
*[[Honda Tadayoshi (1690-1751)|Honda Tadayoshi]] (served [[1734]]-[[1735]])
*[[Matsudaira Takechika]] (d. [[1779]]).
*[[Matsudaira Sadanobu]] (served 1780s-[[1793]])
*[[Sakai Tadakiyo]]
*[[Mizuno Tadaakira]] (served [[1818]]-?)
*[[Manabe Akikatsu]] (served [[1840]]-[[1843]], [[1858]]-[[1859]])
*[[Hotta Masayoshi]] (1850s)
*[[Abe Masahiro]] (1850s)
*[[Mizuno Tadakuni]]
*[[Ando Nobumasa|Andô Nobumasa]]
*[[Itakura Katsukiyo]] (ousted [[1864]])
*[[Inaba Masakuni]]
*[[Sakai Tadato]]
==References==
*Mitani Hiroshi, David Noble (trans.), ''Escape from Impasse'', International House of Japan (2006), xxiv-xxviii.
[[Category:Edo Period]]
[[Category:Ranks and Titles]]
