Changes

Though domestic Japanese production of ginseng was expanded under [[Shogun]] [[Tokugawa Yoshimune]] in the early-to-mid 18th century, it was generally available almost exclusively from Korea. [[Tsushima han]], which managed the Korean trade, thus held a near monopoly on ginseng, which it sold to ''daimyô'', other high-ranking samurai, and select merchant houses out of its [[daimyo yashiki|domain mansion]] in [[Edo]]. Because there were no limits on how much one could purchase at once, certain buyers acted as speculators, buying up excessive amounts, thus creating shortages and driving up prices, so they could then turn around and sell the ginseng at considerable profit. Because ginseng was such a highly-demanded Korean product, at times it constituted as much as 27% of the volume of Korean goods entering Japan.<ref>Schottenhammer, Angela. "The East Asian maritime world, 1400-1800: Its fabrics of power and dynamics of exchanges - China and her neighbors." in Schottenhammer (ed.) ''The East Asian maritime world, 1400-1800: Its fabrics of power and dynamics of exchanges''. Harrassowitz Verlag (2007), 56-57.</ref>

Though domestic Japanese production of ginseng was expanded under [[Shogun]] [[Tokugawa Yoshimune]] in the early-to-mid 18th century, it was generally available almost exclusively from Korea. [[Tsushima han]], which managed the Korean trade, thus held a near monopoly on ginseng, which it sold to ''daimyô'', other high-ranking samurai, and select merchant houses out of its [[daimyo yashiki|domain mansion]] in [[Edo]]. Because there were no limits on how much one could purchase at once, certain buyers acted as speculators, buying up excessive amounts, thus creating shortages and driving up prices, so they could then turn around and sell the ginseng at considerable profit. Because ginseng was such a highly-demanded Korean product, at times it constituted as much as 27% of the volume of Korean goods entering Japan.<ref>Schottenhammer, Angela. "The East Asian maritime world, 1400-1800: Its fabrics of power and dynamics of exchanges - China and her neighbors." in Schottenhammer (ed.) ''The East Asian maritime world, 1400-1800: Its fabrics of power and dynamics of exchanges''. Harrassowitz Verlag (2007), 56-57.</ref>

The demand for the root was so high that fights and other incidents regularly erupted between people lining up at the Tsushima han mansion to buy some of the limited supply of ginseng, prompting the shogunate in [[1690]] to order the domain to begin only selling the root through pre-orders. The lords of Tsushima were able also to take advantage of the perceived necessity of a regular influx of ginseng, leveraging it for concessions or the like from the shogunate. In [[1700]], the shogunate's debasement of [[silver]] [[currency]] combined with decreased ginseng production in Korea to effectively double the cost of importing ginseng. Tsushima's complaints resulted in the domain being granted a loan of 15,000 ''ryô'' to purchase additional ginseng, as well as an increase in the amount of imports they were allowed to sell in Edo, from 1,080 ''kan'' (value as measured in silver) to 1,800 ''kan''. Finally, after the shogunate further debased the coinage in [[1706]], producing ingots that were now only 50% silver, Tsushima requested permission to specially mint 80% pure ingots specifically for use in trade with Korea; permission for this was granted in [[1711]], considerably alleviating Tsushima's financial & trade difficulties.

The demand for the root was so high that fights and other incidents regularly erupted between people lining up at the Tsushima han mansion to buy some of the limited supply of ginseng, prompting the shogunate in [[1690]] to order the domain to begin only selling the root through pre-orders. The lords of Tsushima were able also to take advantage of the perceived necessity of a regular influx of ginseng, leveraging it for concessions or the like from the shogunate. In [[1700]], the shogunate's debasement of [[silver]] [[currency]] combined with decreased ginseng production in Korea to effectively double the cost of importing ginseng. Tsushima's complaints resulted in the domain being granted a loan of 15,000 ''ryô'' to purchase additional ginseng, as well as an increase in the amount of imports they were allowed to sell in Edo, from 1,080 ''[[Japanese Measurements|kan]]'' (value as measured in silver) to 1,800 ''kan''. Finally, after the shogunate further debased the coinage in [[1706]], producing ingots that were now only 50% silver, Tsushima requested permission to specially mint 80% pure ingots specifically for use in trade with Korea; permission for this was granted in [[1711]], considerably alleviating Tsushima's financial & trade difficulties.

[[Shogun]] [[Tokugawa Yoshimune]], seeking to stem the tide of silver flowing out of the country, initiated a series of programs to encourage domestic production of ginseng, among other products. It soon came to be produced in many regions throughout the archipelago, [[Matsue han]] and the area around [[Nikko|Nikkô]] being just two prominent sites of production. In [[1718]], Yoshimune had Tsushima officials gather information about Chinese and Korean plants, animal materials, and other medicinal products. Samples of Korean ginseng obtained via Tsushima were then used to facilitate domestic production. Yoshimune also had officials in [[Nagasaki]] interview [[Chinese in Nagasaki|Chinese]] and [[VOC|Dutch]] merchants about such materials, and in [[1722]] commissioned a comprehensive survey of the flora and fauna already prevalent in Japan, all the way from [[Ezo]] to Nagasaki, an undertaking which was not completed until over thirty years later, in [[1753]].<ref>Hellyer, 68.</ref>

[[Shogun]] [[Tokugawa Yoshimune]], seeking to stem the tide of silver flowing out of the country, initiated a series of programs to encourage domestic production of ginseng, among other products. It soon came to be produced in many regions throughout the archipelago, [[Matsue han]] and the area around [[Nikko|Nikkô]] being just two prominent sites of production. In [[1718]], Yoshimune had Tsushima officials gather information about Chinese and Korean plants, animal materials, and other medicinal products. Samples of Korean ginseng obtained via Tsushima were then used to facilitate domestic production. Yoshimune also had officials in [[Nagasaki]] interview [[Chinese in Nagasaki|Chinese]] and [[VOC|Dutch]] merchants about such materials, and in [[1722]] commissioned a comprehensive survey of the flora and fauna already prevalent in Japan, all the way from [[Ezo]] to Nagasaki, an undertaking which was not completed until over thirty years later, in [[1753]].<ref>Hellyer, 68.</ref>

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