Changes

*''Reign: [[1874]] Feb 13 - 1891 Jan 20''

*''Reign: [[1874]] Feb 13 - 1891 Jan 20''

David Kalākaua was the second-to-last reigning monarch of the Kingdom of [[Hawaii|Hawaiʻi]]. He engaged in a world tour in [[1881]], visiting numerous countries and meeting with their leaders in order to enhance the prestige of the Hawaiian monarchy, familiarize himself with the royal practices of other nations, and to secure labor immigration agreements. In the process, he became the first head of state of any nation to circumnavigate the globe,<ref name=kamehiro>Stacy Kamehiro, ''The Arts of Kingship'', University of Hawaii Press (2009), 24.</ref> and the first foreign monarch to visit Japan freely;<ref>King [[Sho Nei|Shô Nei]] of the [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Kingdom of Ryûkyû]] had been taken to Japan as a prisoner of war in [[1609]]-[[1611]].</ref> Kalākaua's meeting with the [[Meiji Emperor]] in March of that year set the stage for [[Japanese emigration to Hawaii]].

David Kalākaua was the second-to-last reigning monarch of the Kingdom of [[Hawaii|Hawaiʻi]]. He engaged in a world tour in [[1881]], visiting numerous countries and meeting with their leaders in order to enhance the prestige of the Hawaiian monarchy, familiarize himself with the royal practices of other nations, and to secure labor immigration agreements. In the process, he became the first head of state of any nation to circumnavigate the globe,<ref name=kamehiro>Kamehiro, 24.</ref> and the first foreign monarch to visit Japan freely;<ref>King [[Sho Nei|Shô Nei]] of the [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Kingdom of Ryûkyû]] had been taken to Japan as a prisoner of war in [[1609]]-[[1611]].</ref> Kalākaua's meeting with the [[Meiji Emperor]] in March of that year set the stage for [[Japanese emigration to Hawaii]].

The king and his party arrived in Japan aboard the British ship ''Oceanic'', sailing from San Francisco and arriving in [[Yokohama]] around 8 AM on March 4, 1881. They would then spend one day in Yokohama, twelve in [[Tokyo]], and the remaining six sightseeing in [[Kobe]], [[Kyoto]], [[Osaka]], traveling across the [[Inland Sea]], and in [[Nagasaki]]. After a stay of nineteen days, the king departed [[Nagasaki]] for [[Shanghai]] on March 22, around 5 PM, aboard the ''Tokio Maru''. Kalākaua kept a diary, and Armstrong published a book in [[1904]] based on his notes; however, unfortunately, the details of the king's private meeting with the Meiji Emperor went unrecorded.

The king and his party arrived in Japan aboard the British ship ''Oceanic'', sailing from San Francisco and arriving in [[Yokohama]] around 8 AM on March 4, 1881. They would then spend one day in Yokohama, twelve in [[Tokyo]], and the remaining six sightseeing in [[Kobe]], [[Kyoto]], [[Osaka]], traveling across the [[Inland Sea]], and in [[Nagasaki]]. After a stay of nineteen days, the king departed [[Nagasaki]] for [[Shanghai]] on March 22, around 5 PM, aboard the ''Tokio Maru''. Kalākaua kept a diary, and Armstrong published a book in [[1904]] based on his notes; however, unfortunately, the details of the king's private meeting with the Meiji Emperor went unrecorded.

Kalakaua took the throne in [[1874]], and is known for his active engagement on the international stage and his patronage of Hawaiian arts & culture.  

Kalakaua took the throne in [[1874]], and is known for his active engagement on the international stage and his patronage of Hawaiian arts & culture.  

Like the Meiji Emperor, he adopted numerous aspects of the trappings of European royalty, in order to advance ideas of the legitimacy of the Hawaiian Kingdom and seek respect from the Western powers. He had 'Iolani Palace built in a Western style, and furnished with Western-style furniture, much of it commissioned from master craftsmen in Germany and carved in Hawaii's native koa wood. Kalakaua also had 'Iolani wired for electricity & installed with electric lights before even Buckingham Palace or the White House enjoyed such amenities; it was also the first building in Honolulu to have telephones. The king himself wore Western-style military uniform, as the Meiji Emperor did, and adopted modes of court ritual and etiquette that combined Western and traditional Hawaiian attitudes and practices.

Like the Meiji Emperor, he adopted numerous aspects of the trappings of European royalty, in order to advance ideas of the legitimacy of the Hawaiian Kingdom and seek respect from the Western powers. He had 'Iolani Palace built in a Western style, and furnished with Western-style furniture, much of it commissioned from master craftsmen in Germany and carved in Hawaii's native koa wood. Kalakaua also had 'Iolani wired for electricity & installed with electric lights before even Buckingham Palace or the White House enjoyed such amenities; it was also the first building in Honolulu to have telephones.<ref>Kamehiro, 59.</ref> The king himself wore Western-style military uniform, as the Meiji Emperor did, and adopted modes of court ritual and etiquette that combined Western and traditional Hawaiian attitudes and practices.<ref>Kamehiro, 26-54.</ref>

Kalakaua also had a still-famous statue of King Kamehameha I erected across the street from the palace, and was an active patron of hula and other traditional arts, including music, surfing, and Hawaiian martial arts. The annual Merrie Monarch Festival, the top hula competition, is named in his honor.

Kalakaua also had a still-famous statue of King Kamehameha I erected across the street from the palace, and was an active patron of hula and other traditional arts, including music, surfing, and Hawaiian martial arts. The annual Merrie Monarch Festival, the top hula competition, is named in his honor.

==References==

==References==

*Masaji Marumoto, "Vignette of Early Hawaii-Japan Relations: Highlights of King Kalakaua's Sojourn in Japan on His Trip around the World as Recorded in His Personal Diary", ''Hawaiian Journal of History'' 10 (1976), 52-63.

*Masaji Marumoto, "Vignette of Early Hawaii-Japan Relations: Highlights of King Kalakaua's Sojourn in Japan on His Trip around the World as Recorded in His Personal Diary", ''Hawaiian Journal of History'' 10 (1976), 52-63.

*Matt Matsuda, ''Pacific Worlds'', Cambridge University Press (2012), 241-243, 246-249.

*Matt Matsuda, ''Pacific Worlds'', Cambridge University Press (2012), 241-243, 246-249.