http://samurai-archives.com/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Shogun&feedformat=atomSamuraiWiki - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T12:29:30ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.35.2http://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=File:Favicon.ico&diff=43587File:Favicon.ico2021-06-22T18:59:00Z<p>Shogun: </p>
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<div></div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=The_Samurai_Archives&diff=33959The Samurai Archives2016-03-22T18:05:16Z<p>Shogun: /* Flame War */</p>
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<div>==Origin of the Samurai Archives==<br />
<br />
Starting sometime in late 1999<ref>The exact date the website first went online is lost to the mists of history; the first verifiable date is September 2nd, 1999</ref>, the Samurai Archives Japanese history page was developed by C.E. West and F.W. Seal. R. Noelle, a friend of West's, was trying his hand at running a web server over his cable internet connection from his apartment, and offered to host a website. West, remembering the utter lack of useful internet sources on Japanese history during his thesis on Oda Nobunaga in 1997, thought that a Japanese history website would be a neat idea. At the time, Seal was more interested in WWII history, and declined for a time, but soon came around, diving in with a vengeance, as Japanese history was a long time interest of his. Seal wrote the bulk of the original biographies, much of this work done during the year 2000. The first handful of slim biographies that were uploaded to the website were taken from notes originally researched by C.E. West during the summer of 1998 during slow periods at work while he was working for Maui Divers in Honolulu, HI. Most of this initial research came from [[Warrior Rule in Japan]] by Marius Jensen.<br />
<br />
==The Original Plan==<br />
<br />
The website itself was not planned out per se - the unconscious intent was to just keep putting up information until there was just so much there, it would meld into a cohesive whole. That never really happened, and it eventually became more of a "Sengoku History" page, rather than an all encompassing Japanese history page. The somewhat naive assumption was that as the page grew, interest would grow as well, and we would find contributors eager to help build the page - in essence, the original thought was the same concept of a Wiki, however, at that time the software didn't exist, or if it did, we were not aware of it. Unfortunately, this concept never really came to fruition until the "[http://www.samurai-archives.com/guestart.html Guest Articles]" section was christened with the first article, ''[http://www.samurai-archives.com/KabArt.html Kawari Kabuto and the Great Warlords of the "Sengoku"]'' by Augie Rodriguez in October, 2000. The section name was later changed to "Featured Articles" in mid 2002, and at this time articles by F.W.Seal were moved there from the "Culture" and "General History" sections, to give it a more integrated feel to the rest of the website. Even then, it wasn't until the addition of the Samurai Wiki in August of 2006 that the true potential and intent of this website could be reached.<br />
<br />
==The URLs==<br />
<br />
The Samurai Archives has been through a few URLs over the years. The original URL was essentially an IP address followed by ~kitsuno while it was hosted on R. Noelle's home server. <br />
<br />
===The First URL===<br />
<br />
A few months after the initial IP address URL, the URL was changed to <nowiki>http://www.techjapanese.com/~samurai/index.html</nowiki>.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.techjapanese.com/~samurai/index.html The TechJapanese website as logged on the Internet Archive]</ref> TechJapanese.com was R. Noelle's original website, which is no longer in use. At this time, it was still on his home server, and any time there was a power outage, the site would go down until he turned his computer back on.<br />
<br />
===The Big Crash===<br />
<br />
Because the traffic was getting to be too much, the website was moved from R. Noelle's home computer server to a free online host at <nowiki>http://samurai.bigsitecity.com/</nowiki> <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://samurai.bigsitecity.com The Bigsitecity website as logged on the Internet Archive]</ref> sometime in 2000. It was hosted there until the host server mysteriously crashed without warning in late July or early August of 2001.<ref>Further research shows that what had actually happened was that the domain name bigsitecity.com expired at this time and was not renewed by the original holder.</ref> Because some images were not backed up, there was some irretrievable losses, including some clan kamon and genealogy images. Other lost images were fortunately saved by some forum members who had saved them to thier computer. Repeated attempts to contact the host (bigsitecity.com)<ref>It seems that bigsitecity.com, if it still exists, is now mainly a host for prolific spammers. ''(see this [http://spamhuntress.com/wiki/Bigsitecity.com Wikipedia article] for details)''</ref> got us nowhere, but since it was a free hosting site, there was not much we could do, so we moved yet again.<br />
<br />
===Angelfire to Samurai-Archives.com===<br />
<br />
The next URL was http://www.angelfire.com/realm/kitsuno01/.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.angelfire.com/realm/kitsuno01/ The Angelfire website as logged on the Internet Archive]</ref> The Samurai Archives stayed there until the domain name "samurai-archives.com" was purchased in June, 2002. West arbitrarily opted for the hyphen, and went with .com because he felt it gave it a more official feel than .net or .org. The new website was set up with the hosting company called [http://www.hostway.com Hostway] in early December, 2002.<br />
<br />
The website stayed with Hostway until August, 2006, when the size of the Samurai Archives and amount of traffic warranted a move away from Hostway to a far more competitive company, with approximately 18 times more available webspace, better features, and more reasonable prices.<br />
<br />
==The Title Banners==<br />
<table style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 225px; border: #FFFFFF solid 1px"><br />
<tr><td>[[Image:SA1.jpg|225px|thumb|left|The original title banner]]<br />
[[Image:SA2.jpg|225px|thumb|right|The second banner, implemented in 2001.]]</td></tr></table><br />
<br />
So far, only 3 title banners have been used on the Samurai Archives Japanese history page. The Background photo on the original banner is of Ginkakuji, taken by C.West. <br />
<br />
The image on the second banner is from a still of a battle scene in the [[NHK Taiga Drama]] "Hideyoshi", from the late 1990's starring Takenaka Naoto as [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]]. The third banner was a more simple and straightforward style, including the Japanese kanji for "Samurai". Currently the title of the page is in text, without an image.<br />
<br />
==The Forums==<br />
<br />
After the webpage was established and things progressed, C.E. West decided to create a forum, hoping to attract people to the concept of the webpage. <br />
<br />
===The First Forum===<br />
<br />
On Christmas day, 1999, at approximately 10AM PST, the [http://forums.delphiforums.com/samuraihistory/start Samurai History forum] was founded at Delphi Forums. The forum slowly caught on, attracting people from other Delphi forums.<br />
<br />
By the time the new [http://forums.samurai-archives.com Samurai Archives Citadel] forum replaced it in 2006, the Delphi forum was fully entrenched and established as a major Japanese history forum on the internet with over 30,000 posts.<br />
<br />
====Flame War====<br />
<br />
Although things started out solid, with very high quality discussions, sometime in late 2000 or very early 2001, a flame war errupted over multiple inane topics, including the inappropriateness of people in the USA selling T-shirts with clan Kamon on them, the "inability" of westerners to "understand" the Japanese or Japanese history, and theories about the possibility of intermarriage between related families within the line of Japanese emperors. The war was spurred and aggravated by two particularly bellicose forum goers, and in the resulting explosion most of the members were lost. Few remain today who remember the heady and wild early days of the forum. Most current members joined in 2001 or later.<br />
<br />
Unfortunately the forum strings related to the warfare of 2000 were eliminated, and thus lost to history<ref>All flame war related posts were deleted by the moderators in an effort to end further conflict and return the forum to some semblance of normalcy. This decision would come back to haunt them nearly six months later, when C. West and F. Seal ran into both of the agitators on a (now defunct) Delphi Japanese culture forum, and the two agitators yet again began hurling accusations.</ref>.<br />
<br />
===Yahoo Group===<br />
<br />
In an attempt to give people another option for dialogue and discussion, the [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/samuraihistory/ Samurai History Yahoo Group] was created in September, 2000. The theory here was that some people might prefer an email group rather than a forum to communicate, so it was decided to create a yahoo group to supplement the Delphi forum. The Yahoo group has proven over the years to attract a larger pool of members, however the conversations tends to ebb and flow, with long periods of "down time" interspersed with periods of intense activity. An example of this was the time surrounding the release of the Tom Cruise movie ''The Last Samurai''. For a period of three months average posts to the list went from about 100 per month to over 400 per month.<br />
<br />
===Samurai Archives Citadel===<br />
<br />
In 2006, the Samurai History Delphi forum was permanently replaced by the new [http://forums.samurai-archives.com Samurai Archives Citadel]<ref>The name "Citadel" was inspired by the castle citadels from the computer game ''Shogun Total War''.</ref>. Over the years there had been numerous complaints about the difficulty and lack of features of the Delphi forum (however, it was also felt that this "difficulty of use" helped keep out the more disruptive elements who didn't want to take the time and trouble to sign up and interface with the Delphi forum), and so after an offer from forum member [[User:Kryo|Kryo]] to implement and host a new, modernized forum, the Citadel went online approximately May 4th, 2006. The new forum added features such as "ranks", post counts, and "avatars" that were not available on the delphi forum.<br />
<br />
===Samurai Archives Japanese History Forum===<br />
<br />
By 2015, the software for the Samurai Archives Citadel had become so outdated it would have required a major update to continue maintaining it as a viable forum. Additionally, all major email clients (in particular Gmail, Yahoo mail, and Hotmail) consistently rejected all forum activation emails as spam. Because of this no new members were easily able to create an account on the forum from about 2011 onwards. Because the forum was housed on the Samurai Archives server, all responsibility for its maintenance fell to the webmaster. It became untenable, so on march 4th, 2015 the forum was retired in favor of a forum hosted by Zetaboards. The subdomain forums.samurai-archives.com now redirects there, and the Samurai Archives Citadel forum can be found at forumarchive.samurai-archives.com.<br />
<br />
==History of the Sections of the Samurai Archives==<br />
<br />
===Original Sections===<br />
<br />
The original sections of the Samurai Archives for the most part included [http://www.samurai-archives.com/warrior.html Famous Samurai]<ref>The "famous Samurai" link on the homepage was directed to the [[:Category:Samurai|Samurai]] category on this Wiki in October, 2006.</ref>, and various timelines of the major periods of Japanese history. Early on, each timeline had its own link to the index page. Only later, during a major consolodation of the index page, would each time period be removed from the home page and added to an inclusive [http://www.samurai-archives.com/chronol.html Timelines] link. <br />
<br />
The "famous Samurai" section was originally (and always) meant to encompass Samurai from all periods of Japanese history, but as time went on, this section (along with the rest of the page) became more and more "Sengoku-centric" due mostly to the interest and specialization of the creators of the page. In point of fact, there was very little added from any other period of japanese history outside of the 14th and 16th centuries.<br />
<br />
Within the first month, a [http://www.samurai-archives.com/links.html links] page, a [http://www.samurai-archives.com/rec.html recommended reading] page, and a [http://www.samurai-archives.com/source.html sources]<ref>The "Sources" page was eventually removed from the index page because many of the sources were unfortunately not tracked.</ref> page was added.<br />
<br />
===Later sections===<br />
<br />
==History of the Samurai Archives index page format==<br />
<br />
The original format for the index page of the Samurai Archives was created to simulate a Japanese hanging wall scroll<ref>This had the added benefit of being a simple way to organize the page, as the creator, C. West, was essentially learning HMTL by working on the page.</ref>. <br />
<br />
In May, 2002, inspired by a [http://www.uboat.net German U-Boat website]<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20020524205024/http://www.uboat.net/ Uboat.net as archived on the Internet Archive, May '02]</ref>, the index page was rebuilt from the ground up to resemble the current format.<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Resource Articles]]</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=Fukuchi_Genichiro&diff=33932Fukuchi Genichiro2016-03-15T01:18:51Z<p>Shogun: </p>
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<div>[[Image:Fukuchi-Genichiro.JPG|right|thumb|300px|Fukuchi as depicted in a woodblock print by [[Kobayashi Kiyochika]], from the series ''Kyôdô Risshi no Motoi''.]]<br />
*''Born: [[1841]]/3/23, Nagasaki''<br />
*''Died: [[1906]]/1/4, Tokyo''<br />
*''Other Names'': 福地 桜痴 ''(Fukuchi Ouchi)'', 八十吉 ''(Yasokichi)'', 吾曹 ''(Gosou)''<br />
*''Japanese'': 福地 源一郎 ''(Fukuchi Gen'ichirou)''<br />
<br />
Fukuchi Gen'ichirô was a journalist, writer, and statesman of the Meiji period. <br />
<br />
Originally from [[Nagasaki]], he was the son of a physician, Fukuchi Gensuke, and his wife Matsuko.<br />
<br />
He studied [[Rangaku]] and the Dutch language from a young age, and journeyed to Edo at the age of 18 in [[1858]] to learn English; there, he worked as a translator and interpreter for the [[Tokugawa shogunate|shogunate]], and traveled to Europe twice with official shogunate delegations, in [[1861]] and [[1865]]; shortly after (or even before?) the [[Meiji Restoration]], he founded a newspaper called the <i>[[Koko shinbun|Kôko shimbun]]</i> (江湖新聞), in which he criticized the [[Meiji government|Sat-Chô government]] and defended the shogunate. Though arrested for this, thanks to the efforts of [[Kido Takayoshi]] he was acquitted, and began working for the [[Ministry of Finance]] (''Ôkurashô''<!--大蔵省-->) as soon as two years later, taking part in both the [[Iwakura Mission]] and a visit by [[Ito Hirobumi|Itô Hirobumi]] to the US.<br />
<br />
From 1874-1888, he was chief editor and president of the <i>[[Tokyo Nichinichi Shinbun]]</i>, reporting on a wide variety of stories, including the [[Satsuma Rebellion]], often under the penname Gosô (吾曹). In his writings, he rejected radical stances, supporting a more realist view, and more gradual, "slow and steady" policies. Though generally quite supportive of the government, and indeed marketing the paper as an official publication supported by or authorized by the [[Dajokan|Dajôkan]], he was also at times quite critical of the state. One such occasion was in his criticism of an incident or scandal related to the disposal of government-owned land by the [[Hokkaido Development Commission]] in [[1881]].<br />
<br />
Fukuchi also worked as a politician, elected to the Tokyo prefectural legislature in 1878, and named its head the following year. In 1882, he formed a new political party along with a number of his fellows, but it was not officially recognized. The following year, the government began printing its own gazette, and the no longer officially sponsored ''Tokyo Nichinichi Shinbun'' began to have financial problems; Fukuchi stepped down as editor-in-chief the following year, and retired from the newspaper in 1888.<br />
<br />
In later years, he turned to writing [[kabuki]] plays and fiction, and supporting the development of [[modern theatre]], as well as playing a role in the [[1889]] construction of [[Kabuki-za]]. Having strong connections with [[Ichikawa Danjuro IX|Ichikawa Danjûrô IX]], he wrote a number of plays, including one entitled "[[Kasuga no Tsubone]]." He was elected to the [[National Diet|Diet]] in 1904, but died two years later.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*"[http://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%A6%8F%E5%9C%B0%E6%BA%90%E4%B8%80%E9%83%8E Fukuchi Gen'ichirô]." ''Asahi Nihon Rekishi Jinbutsu Jiten'' (朝日日本歴史人物事典, "Asahi Encyclopedia of Japanese Historical Personages"). Accessed via Kotobank.jp, 5 Nov 2011.<br />
*"[http://www.ndl.go.jp/portrait/e/datas/319.html Fukuchi, Gen'ichirô]." Portraits of Modern Japanese Historical Figures. National Diet Library, 2004. Accessed 5 Nov 2011.<br />
*"[http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/asia/k/kobayashi_kiyochika,_the_journ.aspx Kobayashi Kiyochika, The journalist Fukuchi Gen'ichirō, a colour woodblock print]." The British Museum. Accessed 5 Nov 2011.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Meiji Period]]<br />
[[Category:Artists and Artisans]]<br />
[[Category:Other Historical Figures]]<br />
[[Category:Meiji Politicians and Officials]]</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=Daikokuya_Kodayu&diff=33927Daikokuya Kodayu2016-03-15T00:53:41Z<p>Shogun: </p>
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<div>*''Japanese'': 大黒屋 光太夫 ''(Daikokuya Koudayuu)''<br />
<br />
Daikokuya Kôdayû was a fisherman from Shiroko, in [[Ise province]], who became perhaps the most prominent [[Edo period]] Japanese to spend time in Russia, and to report back to the shogunate about that country.<br />
<br />
After the fishing vessel he was captaining floundered in the North Pacific, he was picked up by a Russian ship, and taken, along with at least one of his crewmembers, to St. Petersburg, where they were presented to Catherine the Great.<br />
<br />
In [[1792]], Kôdayû and his crewmember Nagao Isokichi were escorted back to Japan by Russian envoy [[Adam Laxman]], who was hoping that, using the repatriation of castaways as an excuse for entering Japanese ports, he might then be able to negotiate the opening of trade relations. The Russians were stalled at [[Matsumae han|Matsumae]], and eventually redirected to [[Nagasaki]], while Daikokuya and Nagao were taken to [[Edo]] (Laxman never traveled to Nagasaki, but simply returned home). Officially, leaving Japan (or, more precisely, returning) was punishable by death. However, because of Daikokuya's ability to provide the shogunate with valuable information about Russia, he was instead allowed to live, and was interrogated by [[Katsuragawa Hoshu|Katsuragawa Hoshû]], a ''[[rangaku]]'' scholar and personal physician to the shogun. Katsuragawa presented his report, entitled ''Hokusa bunryaku'', to Shogun [[Tokugawa Ienari]] in [[1794]].<br />
<br />
{{stub}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*Mitani Hiroshi, David Noble (trans.), ''Escape from Impasse'', International House of Japan (2006), 27.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Edo Period]]<br />
[[Category:Other Historical Figures]]</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=Ashikaga_Chachamaru&diff=33768Ashikaga Chachamaru2016-01-26T21:55:59Z<p>Shogun: date correction</p>
<hr />
<div>* ''Death: [[1498]]''<br />
* ''Distinction: Lord of Izu''<br />
* ''Other Name: Jouju-In''<br />
* Japanese: [[足利]] 茶々丸 ''(Ashikaga Chachamaru)''<br />
<br />
<br />
Chachamaru was the son of [[Ashikaga Masatomo]] and resided at [[Horigoe castle]] in [[Izu province]]. His mother was Masatomo's first wife and Masatomo ordered Chachamaru to a temple, intending the family leadership to go to a younger son (Jundôji), whom he had sired through a second wife. When his father died, Chachamaru escaped the monastery, killed his half-brother and step-mother, and assumed control of Izu. He next put to death two retainers, [[Toyama Buzen no kami]] and [[Akiyama Kurando]], who had opposed his rise to power. [[Hojo Soun|Ise Shinkûro]] (Hôjô Soûn), a nominal vassal of the [[Imagawa clan|Imagawa]] at the time, attacked from [[Suruga province]] after establishing that he would be welcomed by Izu's samurai. Horigoe was besieged in [[1493]] and Chachamaru surrendered. Ise banished Chachamaru, who found shelter in [[Kai province|Kai]] with [[Takeda Nobutsuna]]. The Takeda evidently planned to assist Chachamaru in retaking Izu but this scheme was cut short when the Hôjô invaded Kai in 1498 and forced him to commit suicide. Some older sources give 1491 as the year Chachamaru was driven from Izu.<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
* [[Odawara Hojo-Ki]]<br />
* Kanaya, Shun'ichiro. ''Sengoku Jidai ga Omoshiroi Hodo Wakaru Hon'' Japan, 2003<br />
* Nagahara, K. ''The Great History of Japan'' Japan, 1975<br />
* [http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%B3%E5%88%A9%E8%8C%B6%E3%80%85%E4%B8%B8 Ashikaga Chachamaru] ''From Japanese Wikipedia''<br />
*[http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%B3%E5%88%A9%E6%94%BF%E7%9F%A5 Ashikaga Masatomo] ''From Japanese Wikipedia''<br />
<br />
[[Category:Samurai]]<br />
[[Category:Muromachi Period]]</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=S-A_Recent_Updates&diff=33276S-A Recent Updates2015-12-23T03:52:23Z<p>Shogun: </p>
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<div>'''Recent Updates to the Samurai Archives Japanese History Page.'''<br />
<br />
* ''12/22/2015''<br />
** Removed old links on home page (guestbook, downloads, Ancient Japan Blog). Added links to reddit.<br />
* ''07/11/2014''<br />
** Updated link to Ancient Japan Blog.<br />
* ''06/03/2012''<br />
** Added [http://samuraiarchives.podbean.com Samurai Archives Podcast] rotating image to main page.<br />
* ''04/13/2011''<br />
** Added link to the [http://samuraiarchives.podbean.com Samurai Archives Podcast] to main page.<br />
* ''03/16/2011''<br />
** Added Twitter app to main page.<br />
* ''12/23/2010''<br />
** Added link to [http://www.japanese-castle-explorer.com/map.html Japanese Castle Explorer].<br />
* ''11/14/2010''<br />
** Added link to the [http://shogun-yashiki.blogspot.com/p/interviews.html Samurai Archives Interview series].<br />
* ''07/04/2010'' <br />
** Added [http://www.samurai-archives.com/sai.html Historically Speaking: The Hermit Poet Known by Emperors and Shoguns] to the [http://www.samurai-archives.com/guestart.html Featured Articles] section.<br />
* ''06/05/2010'' <br />
** Added links to the 2009 Samurai Fiction Contest entries to the [http://www.samurai-archives.com/guestart.html Featured Articles] section.<br />
* ''05/28/2010'' <br />
** Added link to the new [http://twitter.com/samuraiarchives Samurai Archives Twitter account].<br />
* ''03/27/2010'' <br />
** Added [http://www.samurai-archives.com/bdij.html The Rise of Buddhism in Politics and War] to the [http://www.samurai-archives.com/guestart.html Featured Articles] section.<br />
<br />
For prior update history, please see the [http://www.samurai-archives.com/update.html Update Archive].</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Sidebar&diff=33010MediaWiki:Sidebar2015-12-03T04:14:10Z<p>Shogun: </p>
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* Site links<br />
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<hr />
<div>* ''Born: [[1830]]''<br />
* ''Died: [[1863]]''<br />
* ''Titles: Exective of Roshigumi''<br />
* ''Childhood Name: Motoji''<br />
* Japanese: 清河八郎 ''(Kiyokawa hachiro)''<br />
<br />
[[Image:Kiyokawahatiro.jpg|right|150px]]<br />
<br />
==The life of Kiyokawa Hachirô==<br />
Kiyokawa Hachirô was born in Kiyokawa village in [[Shonai han]] as a son of a [[Goshi|Gôshi]] (rural Samurai). Disinterested in his family's ''Sake'' brewing business, he travelled to Edo where he studied under Tojo Ichido and Azumi Ryosai, and he also received a [[Menkyo]] of [[Hokushin Itto Ryu]] at [[Genbukan]].<br />
<br />
In [[1855]] he opened the Kiyokawa school. It was the only school in Edo that offered both study and Kenjutsu. He was a confucian scholar, and an ardent opponent of the Tokugawa bakufu, and he used his school as a platform for his views. <br />
<br />
While in Edo, he killed a man in the street because of a perceived slight, and was forced to leave Edo or face arrest. From March to September 1855, he traveled to many places in [[Honshu]] and wrote the book "Saiyu so".<br />
<br />
After the [[Incident at Sakuradamon]], the Kiyokawa school became a meeting place for the [[Sonjo Roshi]], and they formed the "[[Torao party]]" which assassinated [[Henry Heusken]].<br />
<br />
In [[1862]], Kiyokawa submitted the "Three emergency measures" to [[Matsudaira Shungaku]]. Matsudaira took this plan and created the [[Roshigumi]].<br />
<br />
In February, [[1864]] in Mibu, Kyoto, Kiyokawa suddenly changed the purpose of the Roshigumi and made all but 19 people return to Edo. Those who decided to remain Kyoto included [[Kondo Isami]], [[Hijikata Toshizo]], [[Serizawa Kamo]] who later founded the [[Shinsengumi]].<br />
<br />
In April, Kiyokawa was assassinated by Bakufu assassins( including [[Sasaki Tadasaburo|Sasaki Tadasaburô]]) in Azabu.<br />
<br />
The Rôshigumi was renamed the [[Shinchogumi]], and worked under [[Shonai han]] as special police force in Edo.<br />
<br />
==Kiyokawa Hachiro in Fiction==<br />
===Books===<br />
* ''Kiyokawa Hachiro'' (清河八郎) Shibata Renzaburo<br />
* ''Kimyonari Hachiro'' (奇妙なり八郎) Shiba Ryotaro<br />
* ''Bakumatsu Shippuroku'' (幕末疾風録) Ito Hitoshi<br />
* ''Kaiten no mon'' (回天の門) Fujisawa Shuhei<br />
<br />
===Movies===<br />
* ''Ansatsu'' (暗殺) Shinoda Masahiro (1964), based in Shiba Ryotaro's story<br />
<br />
==Research books==<br />
* ''Kiyokawa Hachiro no Meiji Ishin'' (清河八郎の明治維新) Takano Kiyoshi<br />
<br />
==Kiyokawa's book==<br />
* ''Saiyu so'' (西遊草) [http://www.amazon.co.jp/gp/product/4003346211/ Purchase link on Amazon.co.jp]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* [[Romulus Hillsborough|Hillsborough, Romulus]]. ''[[Shinsengumi: The Shogun's Last Samurai Corps]]'', Tuttle Publishing, 2005<br />
*''Shinsengumi Taishi Den'' (新選組隊士伝) Gakken<br />
*[http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%B2%B3%E5%85%AB%E9%83%8E J-wikipedia] Kiyokawa Hachiro<br />
<br />
[[Category:Samurai]]<br />
[[Category:Bakumatsu]]<br />
[[Category:Edo Period]]</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=Kiyokawa_Hachiro&diff=33008Kiyokawa Hachiro2015-12-02T22:44:21Z<p>Shogun: /* The life of Kiyokawa Hachirô */ grammar etc</p>
<hr />
<div>* ''Born: [[1830]]''<br />
* ''Died: [[1863]]''<br />
* ''Titles: Exective of Roshigumi''<br />
* ''Childhood Name: Motoji''<br />
* Japanese: 清河八郎 ''(Kiyokawa hachiro)''<br />
<br />
[[Image:Kiyokawahatiro.jpg|right|150px]]<br />
<br />
==The life of Kiyokawa Hachirô==<br />
Kiyokawa Hachirô was born in Kiyokawa village in [[Shonai han]] as a son of a [[Goshi|Gôshi]] (rural Samurai). Disinterested in his family's ''Sake'' brewing business, he travelled to Edo where he studied under Tojo Ichido and Azumi Ryosai, and he also received a [[Menkyo]] of [[Hokushin Itto Ryu]] at [[Genbukan]].<br />
<br />
In [[1855]] he opened the Kiyokawa school. It was the only school in Edo that offered both study and Kenjutsu. He was a confucian scholar, and an ardent opponent of the Tokugawa bakufu, and he used his school as a platform for his views. <br />
<br />
While in Edo, he killed a man in the street because of a perceived slight, and was forced to leave Edo or face arrest. From March to September 1855, he traveled to many places in [[Honshu]] and wrote the book "Saiyu so".<br />
<br />
After the [[Incident at Sakuradamon]], the Kiyokawa school became a meeting place for the [[Sonjo Roshi]], and they formed the "[[Torao party]]" which assassinated [[Henry Heusken]].<br />
<br />
In [[1862]], Kiyokawa submitted the "Three emergency measures" to [[Matsudaira Shungaku]]. Matsudaira took this plan and created the [[Roshigumi]].<br />
<br />
In February, [[1864]] in Mibu, Kyoto, Kiyokawa suddenly changed the purpose of the Roshigumi and made all but 19 people return to Edo. Those who decided to remain Kyoto included [[Kondo Isami]], [[Hijikata Toshizo]], [[Serizawa Kamo]] who later founded the [[Shinsengumi]].<br />
<br />
In April, Kiyokawa was assassinated by Bakufu assassins( including [[Sasaki Tadasaburo|Sasaki Tadasaburô]]) in Azabu.<br />
<br />
The Rôshigumi was renamed the [[Shinchogumi]], and worked under [[Shonai han]] as special police force in Edo.<br />
<br />
==Kiyokawa Hachiro in Fiction==<br />
===Books===<br />
* ''Kiyokawa Hachiro'' (清河八郎) Shibata Renzaburo<br />
* ''Kimyonari Hachiro'' (奇妙なり八郎) Shiba Ryotaro<br />
* ''Bakumatsu Shippuroku'' (幕末疾風録) Ito Hitoshi<br />
* ''Kaiten no mon'' (回天の門) Fujisawa Shuhei<br />
<br />
===Movies===<br />
* ''Ansatsu'' (暗殺) Shinoda Masahiro (1964), based in Shiba Ryotaro's story<br />
<br />
==Research books==<br />
* ''Kiyokawa Hachiro no Meiji Ishin'' (清河八郎の明治維新) Takano Kiyoshi<br />
<br />
==Kiyokawa's book==<br />
* ''Saiyu so'' (西遊草) [http://www.amazon.co.jp/gp/product/4003346211/ Purchase link on Amazon.co.jp]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* [[Romulus Hillsborough|Hillsborough, Romulus]]. ''[[Shinsengumi: The Shogun's Last Samurai Corps]]'', Tuttle Publishing, 2005<br />
*''Shinsengumi Taishi Den'' (新選組隊士伝) Gakken<br />
*[http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%B2%B3%E5%85%AB%E9%83%8E J-wikipedia] Kiyokawa Hachiro<br />
<br />
[[Category:Samurai]]<br />
[[Category:Bakumatsu]]<br />
[[Category:Edo Period]]<br />
<br />
{{draft}}</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Sidebar&diff=33007MediaWiki:Sidebar2015-12-02T22:30:29Z<p>Shogun: </p>
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{{SamuraiWiki:Searching}}</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=Shinsengumi&diff=32045Shinsengumi2015-07-16T22:47:42Z<p>Shogun: /* Uniform */</p>
<hr />
<div>* ''Japanese'': 新選組 or 新撰組 ''(Shinsengumi)''<br />
<br />
<br />
The Shinsengumi was a special police force in [[Kyoto]], which was organized by the [[Bakufu]] during the [[Bakumatsu period]] .<br />
<br />
==[[Roshigumi|Rôshigumi]]==<br />
In [[1863]] the [[Bakufu]] recruited [[ronin]] to guard [[Shogun]] [[Tokugawa Iemochi|Iemochi]] on a visit to [[Kyoto]] to meet with the [[Emperor Komei]]. This visit was a precedent breaking event—not since the third Shogun of the Tokugawa Bakufu, [[Tokugawa Iemitsu]], had a reigning shogun gone to Kyoto. This was a difficult time for a Japan as the country was violently struggling to find consensus on how to deal with the threat sparked by the arrival of American and then European naval squadrons demanding that Japan open up or face military action. Tokugawa Iemochi, as head of the military government, was being summoned to confer on how to enact the recent imperial edict calling for the expulsion of foreigners to be backed up by the use of force. <br />
<br />
[[Matsudaira Katamori]], daimyo of [[Aizu han]] was given the newly created post of [[Kyoto Shugo Shoku|Protector of Kyoto]] and charged with the responsibility of curtailing the lawlessness that had gripped Kyoto as well as guaranteeing the Shogun’s safety during his stay in Kyoto. As the anarchy being wreaked in Kyoto in the name of [[Sonno|Sonnô]] [[Joi|Jôi]] (revere the Emperor; expel the foreigners) by pro-imperial [[ronin]], the Bakufu felt that the best way to fight ronin was with other ronin. The actual plan for the [[Roshigumi|Rôshigumi]] is credited to [[Matsudaira Chikaranosuke]], chief [[Kenjutsu]] instructor at the Shogunate’s military academy [[Kobusho|Kôbusho]]. This new corps of pro-Bakufu ronin was named the Roshigumi and [[Kiyokawa Hachiro|Kiyokawa Hachirô]] of [[Shonai]] han, was given the responsibility of recruiting members. Kiyokawa Hachirô was chosen to recruit ronin for the newly created Roshigumi while [[Yamaoka Tesshu]], Kiyokawa's longtime friend, provided support and additional leadership. In reality, Kiyokawa harbored anti-Tokugawa sentiments and was a vehement supporter of the principles of sonnô jôi and proceeded to recruit like-minded ronin to fill the Roshigumi’s ranks. Additionally, Kiyokawa secretly planned to turn the Roshigumi into an instrument of sonno joi upon arrival in Kyoto, abandoning the mission of protecting Iemochi. With this plan in mind, Kiyokawa marched out of Edo with a force of 250 men on February 8, [[1863]], as the vanguard of Shogun Iemochi’s procession to Kyoto. <br />
<br />
Not long after arriving in Kyoto, Kiyokawa made his intentions regarding his sonno joi plans for the Rôshigumi clear. This did not come as a surprise to some senior Bakufu officials, who long regarded Kiyokawa as a dangerous subversive. Anxious to get Kiyokawa and his men out of the explosive situation in Kyoto, orders were arranged telling Kiyokawa to bring the Rôshigumi back to Edo to partake in the military preparations for expelling the foreigners. However, thirteen of the Roshigumi refused to return to Edo and petitioned Matsudaira Katamori to stay in Kyoto in order to complete their original mission of protecting the Shogun. <br />
<br />
Thirteen ex-Roshigumi were bolstered by the arrival of five new recruits and hence named the [[Mibu Roshigumi|Mibu Rôshigumi]], (also known as the ''Mibugumi''), after the village of Mibu on the outskirts of Kyoto where they were headquartered. Matsudaira Katamori, after careful evaluation of the political scene in Kyoto, felt it was needed to change the scope of the Mibu Roshigumi's mission from one of protecting the Shogun to one of patrolling the streets of Kyoto and restoring order in the name of the Bakufu. To reflect the change in mission, on August 18, 1863, the Mibugumi was re-named the Shinsengumi— "Newly Selected Corps".<br />
<br />
==Shinsengumi==<br />
Out of the remnants of the Roshigumi who refused to return to Edo, the Shinsengumi was born. Matsudaira Katamori named three commanders: [[Kondo Isami|Kondô Isami]], leader of the eight-man [[Shieikan]] faction; [[Serizawa Kamo]] leader of the five-man Mito faction; and [[Niimi Nishiki]], another member of the Mito faction who was only a nominal commander and did not wield any true power. Kondô and Serizawa were fierce rivals and the tension between the two was reaching a boiling point. Kondô and his right hand man, Vice-Commander [[Hijikata Toshizo|Hijikata Toshizô]], began to plot the destruction of the Mito faction. Their first break came in early September [[1863]], when Niimi was found guilty of extorting money for use at the geisha houses and was forced to submit [[Seppuku]]. Serizawa's violent and unruly behavior gave Kondô the opportunity he needed to finish the job and seize sole power. As it was felt that Serizawa was soiling the group's reputation, Matsudaira Katamori, ordered the assassination of Serizawa and his closest cohorts. On September 16 or 18 (there isn’t clear agreement on the exact date), Hijikata, the gifted swordsman [[Okita Soji|Okita Sôji]] and two other members loyal to Kondô assassinated Serizawa and [[Hirayama Goro|Hirayama Gorô]]. A third assassination target, [[Hirama Jusuke]], escaped. With the Mito faction broken, Kondô and Hijikata had absolute control over the Shinsengumi.<br />
<br />
===Ikedaya Incident===<br />
''(See [[Ikedaya Incident]])''<br />
<br />
In [[1864]] the Shinsengumi raided the [[Ikedaya Affair|Ikedaya]] where [[Sonjo Roshi|Sonjo Rôshi]] <br />
were planning to burn [[Kyoto]] and kidnap the emperor.<br />
After following [[Kinmon Rebellion]], Shinsengumi recruited more than 200 new members with the prize money given by the Imperial court, Bakufu and Aizu han.<br />
<br />
The new members included [[Ito Kashitaro|Ito Kashitarô's]] group, recruited by Kondo during a visit to Edo.<br />
The Shinsengumi headquarter moved from Mibu to [[Nishi Hongan-ji]].<br />
[[1867]] shortly after Shinsengumi were officialy hired as [[Bakushin]],<br />
Ito Kashitarô's group were separated and formed the [[Goryo Eji]].<br />
They were assassinated. ([[Incident at Aburano Koji]])<br />
<br />
==Boshin War==<br />
''(See [[Boshin War]])''<br />
<br />
In January [[1868]], the [[Boshin War]] began with <br />
the [[Battle of Toba-Fushimi]]. The Shinsengumi lost almost 100 members, including [[Inoue Genzaburo|Inoue Genzaburô]] and [[Yamazaki Susumu]].<br />
The Shinsengumi and other Bakufu troops fled to Edo with the battleship [[Fujisan Maru]]. After this, the Shinsengumi was reorganized into the [[Koyo Chinbutai]].<br />
The Koyo Chinbutai intended to take over [[Kofu castle]], but lost the [[Battle of Koshu-Katsunuma]].<br />
When they returned to Edo, [[Nagakura Shinpachi]] and [[Harada Sanosuke]]<br />
left the Koyo Chinbutai and formed the [[Seikyotai]].<br />
Kondo was captured in Nagareyama three weeks later and executed at [[Itabashi]]. Harada died from injuries received during the [[Battle of Ueno]]. Two weeks later, Okita Sôji died of what is thought to be Tuberculosis.<br />
[[Hijikata Toshizo|Hijikata Toshizô]] was wounded at the [[Battle of Utsunomiya castle]], and Saitô Hajime then became the commander of the Aizu Shinsengumi during the [[Battle of Aizu]], and decided to remain with the Aizu samurai when Hijikata decided to go to Hakodate.<br />
In May [[1869]] Hijikata was shot and killed at the [[Battle of Hakodate]] and the last Shinsengumi commander, [[Soma Kazue]], surrendered.<br />
He was later exiled to Niijima island.<br />
<br />
{{:Shinsengumi Timeline}}<br />
<br />
==Members==<br />
(Genji 2/Keiô 1 Hierarchy - [[1865]])<br />
<br />
===Commander 局長 (Kyokuchô)===<br />
*[[Kondo Isami]]<br />
<br />
===Vice Commander 副長 (Fukuchô)===<br />
*[[Hijikata Toshizo]]<br />
<br />
===General Secretary 総長 (Sôchô)===<br />
*[[Yamanami Keisuke]]<br />
<br />
===Staff Officer 参謀 (Sanbô)===<br />
*[[Ito Kashitaro]]<br />
<br />
===Captains 組長 (Kumichô)===<br />
* 一番組組長 [[Okita Soji]] ''(1st Unit Commander)''<br />
* 二番組組長 [[Nagakura Shinpachi]] ''(2nd Unit Commander)''<br />
* 三番組組長 [[Saito Hajime]] ''(3rd Unit Commander)'' (Commander in the Battle of Aizu)<br />
* 四番組組長 [[Matsubara Chuji]] ''(4th Unit Commander)''<br />
* 五番組組長 [[Takeda Kanryusai]] ''(5th Unit Commander)''<br />
* 六番組組長 [[Inoue Genzaburo]] ''(6th Unit Commander)''<br />
* 七番組組長 [[Tani Sanjuro]] ''(7th Unit Commander)''<br />
* 八番組組長 [[Todo Heisuke]] ''(8th Unit Commander)''<br />
* 九番組組長 [[Suzuki Mikisaburo]] ''(9th Unit Commander)''<br />
* 十番組組長 [[Harada Sanosuke]] ''(10th Unit Commander)''<br />
<br />
===Spies,Investigators 監察方 (Kansatsugata)===<br />
*[[Yamazaki Susumu]]<br />
*[[Asano Kaoru]]<br />
*[[Shinohara Tainoshin]]<br />
*[[Arai Tadao]]<br />
*[[Hattori Takeo]]<br />
*[[Ashiya Noboru]]<br />
*[[Yoshimura Kanichiro]]<br />
*[[Ogata Shuntaro]] (Later captain)<br />
*[[Oishi Kuwajiro]]<br />
*[[Yasutomi Saisuke]] (Later Vice Commander)<br />
<br />
===Corporals 伍長 (Gochô)===<br />
*[[Abe Juro]]<br />
*[[Hashimoto Kaisuke]]<br />
*[[Hayashi Shintaro]]<br />
*[[Ibaraki Tsukasa]]<br />
*[[Ikeda Kotaro]]<br />
*[[Ito Tetsugoro]]<br />
*[[Kano Washio]]<br />
*[[Kawashima Katsuji]]<br />
*[[Kazurayama Takehachiro]]<br />
*[[Kondo Yoshisuke]]<br />
*[[Kumebe Masachika]]<br />
*[[Maeno Goro]]<br />
*[[Nakamura Kosaburo]]<br />
*[[Nakanishi Noboru]]<br />
*[[Obara Kozo]]<br />
*[[Okuzawa Eisuke]]<br />
*[[Ozeki Masajiro]]<br />
*[[Shimada Kai]]<br />
*[[Tomiyama Yahei]]<br />
<br />
===Accountants 勘定方 (Kanjôgata)===<br />
*[[Kawai Kisaburo]]<br />
*[[Ozeki Yashiro]]<br />
*[[Sakai Hyogo]]<br />
*[[Kishijima Yoshitaro]]<br />
<br />
===Mibu Roshigumi 壬生 浪士組===<br />
*[[Serizawa Kamo]] (Commander)<br />
*[[Niimi Nishiki]] (Commander, later Vice commander)<br />
*[[Abiru Eisaburo]]<br />
*[[Endo Joan]]<br />
*[[Hirama Jusuke]]<br />
*[[Hirayama Goro|Hirayama Gorô]]<br />
*[[Iesato Jiro|Iesato Jirô]]<br />
*[[Kamishiro Jinnosuke]]<br />
*[[Kasuya Shingoro]]<br />
*[[Negishi Yuzan]]<br />
*[[Noguchi Kenji]]<br />
*[[Saeki Matasaburo|Saeki Matasaburô]]<br />
*[[Shimizu Goichi]]<br />
*[[Suzuki Chozo]]<br />
*[[Tonouchi Yoshio]]<br />
<br />
===Other members===<br />
(There were more than 400 members.)<br />
<br />
*[[Adachi Ringoro]]<br />
*[[Amaji Issen]]<br />
*[[Aoyagi Makitayu]]<br />
*[[Aridoshi Kango]]<br />
*[[Echigo Saburo]]<br />
*[[Fujimoto Hikonosuke]]<br />
*[[Furukawa Kojiro]]<br />
*[[Hayashi Shintaro]]<br />
*[[Ichimura Tetsunosuke]]<br />
*[[Ikeda Shichisaburo]]<br />
*[[Inoue Taisuke]]<br />
*[[Ishii Yujiro]]<br />
*[[Ito Tetsugoro]]<br />
*[[Kato Higuma]]<br />
*[[Kawai Tetsugoro]]<br />
*[[Kikuchi Tanomu]]<br />
*[[Kiyohara Kiyoshi]]<br />
*[[Kondo Shuhei]]<br />
*[[Kondo Yoshisuke]]<br />
*[[Matsumoto Kijiro]]<br />
*[[Matsumoto Sutesuke]]<br />
*[[Mazume Ryutaro]]<br />
*[[Mazume Shinjuro]]<br />
*[[Mori Tsunekichi]]<br />
*[[Nakajima Nobori]]<br />
*[[Nakamura Goro]]<br />
*[[Nomura Risaburo]]<br />
*[[Ono Uchu]]<br />
*[[Otani Ryosuke]]<br />
*[[Saito Ichidakusai]]<br />
*[[Saito Seiichiro]]<br />
*[[Sano Shimenosuke]]<br />
*[[Sasaki Kuranosuke]]<br />
*[[Shibata Hikosaburo]]<br />
*[[Shibayama Tokusaburo]]<br />
*[[Shinozaki Shinpachiro]]<br />
*[[Soma Kazue]] (Last commander)<br />
*[[Tachikawa Chikara]]<br />
*[[Takagi Gojiro]]<br />
*[[Takebe Ginjiro]]<br />
*[[Takenouchi Takeo]]<br />
*[[Tamura Ginnosuke]]<br />
*[[Tomikawa Juro]]<br />
*[[Tanaka Torazo]]<br />
*[[Tani Mantaro]]<br />
*[[Tanigawa Tatsukichi]]<br />
*[[Taniguchi Shirobe]]<br />
*[[Taoka Taro]]<br />
*[[Yamano Yasohachi]]<br />
<br />
==Regulations==<br />
The Shinsengumi Regulations (Kyokuchu Hatto) were established<br />
to control the members. <br />
The regulations were first used to purge Serizawa's Mito group.<br />
<br />
#Deviating from Bushido.<br />
#Leaving the Shinsengumi.<br />
#Raising money privately.<br />
#Taking part in litigations.<br />
#Engaging in private fights.<br />
#Anybody who breaks the rules will be ordered to commit seppuku.<br />
<br />
==Uniform==<br />
The famous blue [[Haori]] was adopted from the [[Chushingura]] story.<br />
The pale blue color ''Asagi'' was associated with the color of the seppuku [[Kamishimo]], however it was used only for a year.<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Shinsengumi in Fiction==<br />
===Film===<br />
* ''Shinsengumi'' (新選組) 1925 (Director:Tsuji Yoshiro )<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Taicho Kondo Isami'' (新撰組隊長近藤勇) 1928-29(Director: Inutsuka Minoru)<br />
* ''Kobo Shinsengumi'' (興亡新選組) 1930 (Director:Ito Daisuke )<br />
* ''Ikinokotta Shinsengumi'' (生き残った新撰組) 1932(Director:Kinugasa Teinosuke )<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Hika'' (新撰組悲歌) 1934 (Director: Masuda Yasuo)<br />
* ''Shinsengumi'' (新選組) 1937 (Director: Kimura Sotoji)<br />
* ''Shinsengumi'' (新撰組) 1938 (Director: Makino Masahiro)<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Kyouraku Fuun no maki'' (新選組 京洛風雲の巻) 1952(Director: Hagiwara Ryo )<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Ikedaya Sodo'' (新選組 池田屋騒動) 1952(Director:Hagiwara Ryo )<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Maken Ranbu''(新選組 魔剣乱舞)1952(Director:Hagiwara Ryo )<br />
* ''Ikedaya Sodo'' (池田屋騒動) 1953 (Director: Ikeda Tomiyasu)<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Oni Taicho'' (新選組鬼隊長) 1954 (Director:Kouno Toshikazu )<br />
* ''Shinsengumi'' (新選組) 1958 (Director: Sasaki Yasushi )<br />
* ''Souretsu Shinsengumi'' (壮烈新選組) 1960 (Director:Sasaki Yasushi )<br />
* ''Fu-un Shinsengumi'' (風雲新撰組) 1961 (Director:Mouri Masaki )<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Keppuroku Kondo Isami'' (新選組血風録・近藤勇) 1963 (Director: Ozawa Shigehiro)<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Shimatsuki'' (新選組始末記) 1963 (Director:Misumi Kenji)<br />
* ''Moeyo Ken'' (燃えよ剣) 1966 (Director: Ichimura Taiichi)<br />
* ''Shinsengumi'' (新選組) 1969 (Director:Sawamura Tadashi )<br />
* ''Okita Soji'' (沖田総司) 1974 (Director: Deme Masanobu)<br />
* ''Gohatto'' (御法度) 1999 (Director: Oshima Nagisa)<br />
* ''Shinsengumi'' (新撰組) 2000 (Director: Ichikawa Kon )<br />
* ''When the Last Sword is Drawn'' (壬生義士伝) 2003 (Director: Takita Yojiro)<br />
<br />
===Television===<br />
<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Shimatsuki'' (新選組始末記) TBS 1961<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Keppuroku'' (新選組血風録) NET 1965-66<br />
* ''Shinsengumi'' (新選組) CX<br />
* ''Moeyo Ken'' (燃えよ剣) NET 1970 <br />
* ''Shinsengumi Shimatsuki'' (新選組始末記) NET 1977<br />
* ''Mibu no Koiuta'' (壬生の恋唄) NHK 1983 <br />
* ''Moeyo Ken'' (燃えよ剣) TX 1990 <br />
* ''Shinsengumi Ikedaya no ketto'' (新選組池田屋の決闘) TBS 1992<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Keppuroku'' (新選組血風録) ANB 1999 <br />
* ''Shinsengumi!'' (新選組) 43rd NHK Taiga Drama 2004<br />
<br />
===Books===<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Shimatsuki'' (新選組始末記) [[Shimozawa Kan]]<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Monogatari'' (新選組物語) Shimozawa Kan<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Keppuroku'' (新選組血風録) Shiba Ryotaro<br />
* ''Moeyo Ken'' (燃えよ剣) Shiba Ryotaro<br />
* ''Bakumatsu Shinsengumi'' (幕末新選組) Ikenami Shotaro<br />
* ''Kondo Isami Hakusho'' (近藤勇白書) Ikenami Shotaro <br />
* ''Mibu Gishi Den'' (壬生義士伝) Asada Jiro<br />
* ''Wachigai-ya Itosato'' (輪違屋糸里) Asada Jiro<br />
* ''Itsuno hi ka kaeru'' (いつの日か還る) Nakamura Akihiko<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Bakumatsu no Aoarashi'' (新選組幕末の青嵐) Kiuchi Noboru<br />
* ''Jimushi Naku'' (地虫鳴く) Kiuchi Noboru<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Kodaijito'' (新選組・高台寺党) Ichii Koichi<br />
* ''Shinsengumi ga iku'' (新撰組が行く) Domon Fuyuji<br />
<br />
==Shinsengumi research books==<br />
<br />
* ''Shinsengumi - Honor and Determination of the Mibu Rôshi'' (血誠新撰組-峻烈壬生浪士忠と斬), Rekishi Gunzô series #31, Gakken, Japan, 2003<br />
* ''[[Shinsengumi Ibun]]'' (新選組遺聞) Shimozawa Kan<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Tenmatsuki'' (新撰組顛末記) Nagakura Shinpachi<br />
* ''[[Shinsengumi Nikki]]'' (新選組日記) Kimura Yukihiko<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Shiryo-shu'' (新選組史料集) Shinjinbutsu Orai sha<br />
* ''Zoku Shinsengumi Shiryo-shu'' (続新選組史料集) Shinjinbutsu Orai sha<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Nisshi'' (新選組日誌) Shinjinbutsu Orai sha<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Shiseki Jiten East Japan'' (新選組史跡事典東日本編) Shinjinbutsu Orai sha<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Shiseki Jiten West Japan'' (新選組史跡事典西日本編) Shinjinbutsu Orai sha<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Dai Jinmei Jiten'' (新選組大人名事典) Shinjinbutsu Orai sha<br />
* ''[[Shinsengumi Zentaishi Tettei Guide]]'' (新選組全隊士徹底ガイド) Maeda Masaki <br />
* ''[[Shinsengumi Shashin Zenshu]]'' (新選組写真全集) Tsuri Yoichi<br />
* ''[[Shinsengumi 100 Wa]]'' (新選組100話) Suzuki Toru<br />
* ''Kikigaki Shinsengumi'' (聞きがき新選組) Sato Akira<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Yowa'' (新選組余話) Kojima Masataka<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Shiroku'' (新撰組史録) Hirao Michio<br />
<br />
==References== <br />
* ''[[Shinsengumi Zentaishi Tettei Guide]]'' (新選組全隊士徹底ガイド) Maeda Masaki <br />
* ''[[Shinsengumi Shashin Zenshu]]'' (新選組写真全集) Tsuri Yoichi<br />
* ''[[Shinsengumi 100 Wa]]'' (新選組100話) Suzuki Toru<br />
* ''[[Shinsengumi Tenmatsuki]]'' (新撰組顛末記) Nagakura Shinpachi<br />
* ''[[Shinsengumi Nikki]]'' (新選組日記) Kimura Sachihiko<br />
*''[[Shinsengumi Taishi Den]]'' (新選組隊士伝) Gakken<br />
*''[[Kaiteishinban Shinsengumi]]'' (改訂新版新選組) Sekai Bunkasha<br />
*''[[Shinsengumi Exhibition catalog 2004]]''<br />
* ''[[Shinsengumi Shiroku]]'' (新撰組史録) Hirao Michio<br />
<br />
===English===<br />
* [[Romulus Hillsborough|Hillsborough, Romulus]]. ''[[Shinsengumi: The Shogun's Last Samurai Corps]]'', Tuttle Publishing, 2005<br />
<br />
[[Category:Groups]]<br />
[[Category:Bakumatsu]]<br />
[[Category:Edo Period]]<br />
[[Category:Shinsengumi]]</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=Shinsengumi&diff=32044Shinsengumi2015-07-16T22:44:50Z<p>Shogun: /* Boshin War */</p>
<hr />
<div>* ''Japanese'': 新選組 or 新撰組 ''(Shinsengumi)''<br />
<br />
<br />
The Shinsengumi was a special police force in [[Kyoto]], which was organized by the [[Bakufu]] during the [[Bakumatsu period]] .<br />
<br />
==[[Roshigumi|Rôshigumi]]==<br />
In [[1863]] the [[Bakufu]] recruited [[ronin]] to guard [[Shogun]] [[Tokugawa Iemochi|Iemochi]] on a visit to [[Kyoto]] to meet with the [[Emperor Komei]]. This visit was a precedent breaking event—not since the third Shogun of the Tokugawa Bakufu, [[Tokugawa Iemitsu]], had a reigning shogun gone to Kyoto. This was a difficult time for a Japan as the country was violently struggling to find consensus on how to deal with the threat sparked by the arrival of American and then European naval squadrons demanding that Japan open up or face military action. Tokugawa Iemochi, as head of the military government, was being summoned to confer on how to enact the recent imperial edict calling for the expulsion of foreigners to be backed up by the use of force. <br />
<br />
[[Matsudaira Katamori]], daimyo of [[Aizu han]] was given the newly created post of [[Kyoto Shugo Shoku|Protector of Kyoto]] and charged with the responsibility of curtailing the lawlessness that had gripped Kyoto as well as guaranteeing the Shogun’s safety during his stay in Kyoto. As the anarchy being wreaked in Kyoto in the name of [[Sonno|Sonnô]] [[Joi|Jôi]] (revere the Emperor; expel the foreigners) by pro-imperial [[ronin]], the Bakufu felt that the best way to fight ronin was with other ronin. The actual plan for the [[Roshigumi|Rôshigumi]] is credited to [[Matsudaira Chikaranosuke]], chief [[Kenjutsu]] instructor at the Shogunate’s military academy [[Kobusho|Kôbusho]]. This new corps of pro-Bakufu ronin was named the Roshigumi and [[Kiyokawa Hachiro|Kiyokawa Hachirô]] of [[Shonai]] han, was given the responsibility of recruiting members. Kiyokawa Hachirô was chosen to recruit ronin for the newly created Roshigumi while [[Yamaoka Tesshu]], Kiyokawa's longtime friend, provided support and additional leadership. In reality, Kiyokawa harbored anti-Tokugawa sentiments and was a vehement supporter of the principles of sonnô jôi and proceeded to recruit like-minded ronin to fill the Roshigumi’s ranks. Additionally, Kiyokawa secretly planned to turn the Roshigumi into an instrument of sonno joi upon arrival in Kyoto, abandoning the mission of protecting Iemochi. With this plan in mind, Kiyokawa marched out of Edo with a force of 250 men on February 8, [[1863]], as the vanguard of Shogun Iemochi’s procession to Kyoto. <br />
<br />
Not long after arriving in Kyoto, Kiyokawa made his intentions regarding his sonno joi plans for the Rôshigumi clear. This did not come as a surprise to some senior Bakufu officials, who long regarded Kiyokawa as a dangerous subversive. Anxious to get Kiyokawa and his men out of the explosive situation in Kyoto, orders were arranged telling Kiyokawa to bring the Rôshigumi back to Edo to partake in the military preparations for expelling the foreigners. However, thirteen of the Roshigumi refused to return to Edo and petitioned Matsudaira Katamori to stay in Kyoto in order to complete their original mission of protecting the Shogun. <br />
<br />
Thirteen ex-Roshigumi were bolstered by the arrival of five new recruits and hence named the [[Mibu Roshigumi|Mibu Rôshigumi]], (also known as the ''Mibugumi''), after the village of Mibu on the outskirts of Kyoto where they were headquartered. Matsudaira Katamori, after careful evaluation of the political scene in Kyoto, felt it was needed to change the scope of the Mibu Roshigumi's mission from one of protecting the Shogun to one of patrolling the streets of Kyoto and restoring order in the name of the Bakufu. To reflect the change in mission, on August 18, 1863, the Mibugumi was re-named the Shinsengumi— "Newly Selected Corps".<br />
<br />
==Shinsengumi==<br />
Out of the remnants of the Roshigumi who refused to return to Edo, the Shinsengumi was born. Matsudaira Katamori named three commanders: [[Kondo Isami|Kondô Isami]], leader of the eight-man [[Shieikan]] faction; [[Serizawa Kamo]] leader of the five-man Mito faction; and [[Niimi Nishiki]], another member of the Mito faction who was only a nominal commander and did not wield any true power. Kondô and Serizawa were fierce rivals and the tension between the two was reaching a boiling point. Kondô and his right hand man, Vice-Commander [[Hijikata Toshizo|Hijikata Toshizô]], began to plot the destruction of the Mito faction. Their first break came in early September [[1863]], when Niimi was found guilty of extorting money for use at the geisha houses and was forced to submit [[Seppuku]]. Serizawa's violent and unruly behavior gave Kondô the opportunity he needed to finish the job and seize sole power. As it was felt that Serizawa was soiling the group's reputation, Matsudaira Katamori, ordered the assassination of Serizawa and his closest cohorts. On September 16 or 18 (there isn’t clear agreement on the exact date), Hijikata, the gifted swordsman [[Okita Soji|Okita Sôji]] and two other members loyal to Kondô assassinated Serizawa and [[Hirayama Goro|Hirayama Gorô]]. A third assassination target, [[Hirama Jusuke]], escaped. With the Mito faction broken, Kondô and Hijikata had absolute control over the Shinsengumi.<br />
<br />
===Ikedaya Incident===<br />
''(See [[Ikedaya Incident]])''<br />
<br />
In [[1864]] the Shinsengumi raided the [[Ikedaya Affair|Ikedaya]] where [[Sonjo Roshi|Sonjo Rôshi]] <br />
were planning to burn [[Kyoto]] and kidnap the emperor.<br />
After following [[Kinmon Rebellion]], Shinsengumi recruited more than 200 new members with the prize money given by the Imperial court, Bakufu and Aizu han.<br />
<br />
The new members included [[Ito Kashitaro|Ito Kashitarô's]] group, recruited by Kondo during a visit to Edo.<br />
The Shinsengumi headquarter moved from Mibu to [[Nishi Hongan-ji]].<br />
[[1867]] shortly after Shinsengumi were officialy hired as [[Bakushin]],<br />
Ito Kashitarô's group were separated and formed the [[Goryo Eji]].<br />
They were assassinated. ([[Incident at Aburano Koji]])<br />
<br />
==Boshin War==<br />
''(See [[Boshin War]])''<br />
<br />
In January [[1868]], the [[Boshin War]] began with <br />
the [[Battle of Toba-Fushimi]]. The Shinsengumi lost almost 100 members, including [[Inoue Genzaburo|Inoue Genzaburô]] and [[Yamazaki Susumu]].<br />
The Shinsengumi and other Bakufu troops fled to Edo with the battleship [[Fujisan Maru]]. After this, the Shinsengumi was reorganized into the [[Koyo Chinbutai]].<br />
The Koyo Chinbutai intended to take over [[Kofu castle]], but lost the [[Battle of Koshu-Katsunuma]].<br />
When they returned to Edo, [[Nagakura Shinpachi]] and [[Harada Sanosuke]]<br />
left the Koyo Chinbutai and formed the [[Seikyotai]].<br />
Kondo was captured in Nagareyama three weeks later and executed at [[Itabashi]]. Harada died from injuries received during the [[Battle of Ueno]]. Two weeks later, Okita Sôji died of what is thought to be Tuberculosis.<br />
[[Hijikata Toshizo|Hijikata Toshizô]] was wounded at the [[Battle of Utsunomiya castle]], and Saitô Hajime then became the commander of the Aizu Shinsengumi during the [[Battle of Aizu]], and decided to remain with the Aizu samurai when Hijikata decided to go to Hakodate.<br />
In May [[1869]] Hijikata was shot and killed at the [[Battle of Hakodate]] and the last Shinsengumi commander, [[Soma Kazue]], surrendered.<br />
He was later exiled to Niijima island.<br />
<br />
{{:Shinsengumi Timeline}}<br />
<br />
==Members==<br />
(Genji 2/Keiô 1 Hierarchy - [[1865]])<br />
<br />
===Commander 局長 (Kyokuchô)===<br />
*[[Kondo Isami]]<br />
<br />
===Vice Commander 副長 (Fukuchô)===<br />
*[[Hijikata Toshizo]]<br />
<br />
===General Secretary 総長 (Sôchô)===<br />
*[[Yamanami Keisuke]]<br />
<br />
===Staff Officer 参謀 (Sanbô)===<br />
*[[Ito Kashitaro]]<br />
<br />
===Captains 組長 (Kumichô)===<br />
* 一番組組長 [[Okita Soji]] ''(1st Unit Commander)''<br />
* 二番組組長 [[Nagakura Shinpachi]] ''(2nd Unit Commander)''<br />
* 三番組組長 [[Saito Hajime]] ''(3rd Unit Commander)'' (Commander in the Battle of Aizu)<br />
* 四番組組長 [[Matsubara Chuji]] ''(4th Unit Commander)''<br />
* 五番組組長 [[Takeda Kanryusai]] ''(5th Unit Commander)''<br />
* 六番組組長 [[Inoue Genzaburo]] ''(6th Unit Commander)''<br />
* 七番組組長 [[Tani Sanjuro]] ''(7th Unit Commander)''<br />
* 八番組組長 [[Todo Heisuke]] ''(8th Unit Commander)''<br />
* 九番組組長 [[Suzuki Mikisaburo]] ''(9th Unit Commander)''<br />
* 十番組組長 [[Harada Sanosuke]] ''(10th Unit Commander)''<br />
<br />
===Spies,Investigators 監察方 (Kansatsugata)===<br />
*[[Yamazaki Susumu]]<br />
*[[Asano Kaoru]]<br />
*[[Shinohara Tainoshin]]<br />
*[[Arai Tadao]]<br />
*[[Hattori Takeo]]<br />
*[[Ashiya Noboru]]<br />
*[[Yoshimura Kanichiro]]<br />
*[[Ogata Shuntaro]] (Later captain)<br />
*[[Oishi Kuwajiro]]<br />
*[[Yasutomi Saisuke]] (Later Vice Commander)<br />
<br />
===Corporals 伍長 (Gochô)===<br />
*[[Abe Juro]]<br />
*[[Hashimoto Kaisuke]]<br />
*[[Hayashi Shintaro]]<br />
*[[Ibaraki Tsukasa]]<br />
*[[Ikeda Kotaro]]<br />
*[[Ito Tetsugoro]]<br />
*[[Kano Washio]]<br />
*[[Kawashima Katsuji]]<br />
*[[Kazurayama Takehachiro]]<br />
*[[Kondo Yoshisuke]]<br />
*[[Kumebe Masachika]]<br />
*[[Maeno Goro]]<br />
*[[Nakamura Kosaburo]]<br />
*[[Nakanishi Noboru]]<br />
*[[Obara Kozo]]<br />
*[[Okuzawa Eisuke]]<br />
*[[Ozeki Masajiro]]<br />
*[[Shimada Kai]]<br />
*[[Tomiyama Yahei]]<br />
<br />
===Accountants 勘定方 (Kanjôgata)===<br />
*[[Kawai Kisaburo]]<br />
*[[Ozeki Yashiro]]<br />
*[[Sakai Hyogo]]<br />
*[[Kishijima Yoshitaro]]<br />
<br />
===Mibu Roshigumi 壬生 浪士組===<br />
*[[Serizawa Kamo]] (Commander)<br />
*[[Niimi Nishiki]] (Commander, later Vice commander)<br />
*[[Abiru Eisaburo]]<br />
*[[Endo Joan]]<br />
*[[Hirama Jusuke]]<br />
*[[Hirayama Goro|Hirayama Gorô]]<br />
*[[Iesato Jiro|Iesato Jirô]]<br />
*[[Kamishiro Jinnosuke]]<br />
*[[Kasuya Shingoro]]<br />
*[[Negishi Yuzan]]<br />
*[[Noguchi Kenji]]<br />
*[[Saeki Matasaburo|Saeki Matasaburô]]<br />
*[[Shimizu Goichi]]<br />
*[[Suzuki Chozo]]<br />
*[[Tonouchi Yoshio]]<br />
<br />
===Other members===<br />
(There were more than 400 members.)<br />
<br />
*[[Adachi Ringoro]]<br />
*[[Amaji Issen]]<br />
*[[Aoyagi Makitayu]]<br />
*[[Aridoshi Kango]]<br />
*[[Echigo Saburo]]<br />
*[[Fujimoto Hikonosuke]]<br />
*[[Furukawa Kojiro]]<br />
*[[Hayashi Shintaro]]<br />
*[[Ichimura Tetsunosuke]]<br />
*[[Ikeda Shichisaburo]]<br />
*[[Inoue Taisuke]]<br />
*[[Ishii Yujiro]]<br />
*[[Ito Tetsugoro]]<br />
*[[Kato Higuma]]<br />
*[[Kawai Tetsugoro]]<br />
*[[Kikuchi Tanomu]]<br />
*[[Kiyohara Kiyoshi]]<br />
*[[Kondo Shuhei]]<br />
*[[Kondo Yoshisuke]]<br />
*[[Matsumoto Kijiro]]<br />
*[[Matsumoto Sutesuke]]<br />
*[[Mazume Ryutaro]]<br />
*[[Mazume Shinjuro]]<br />
*[[Mori Tsunekichi]]<br />
*[[Nakajima Nobori]]<br />
*[[Nakamura Goro]]<br />
*[[Nomura Risaburo]]<br />
*[[Ono Uchu]]<br />
*[[Otani Ryosuke]]<br />
*[[Saito Ichidakusai]]<br />
*[[Saito Seiichiro]]<br />
*[[Sano Shimenosuke]]<br />
*[[Sasaki Kuranosuke]]<br />
*[[Shibata Hikosaburo]]<br />
*[[Shibayama Tokusaburo]]<br />
*[[Shinozaki Shinpachiro]]<br />
*[[Soma Kazue]] (Last commander)<br />
*[[Tachikawa Chikara]]<br />
*[[Takagi Gojiro]]<br />
*[[Takebe Ginjiro]]<br />
*[[Takenouchi Takeo]]<br />
*[[Tamura Ginnosuke]]<br />
*[[Tomikawa Juro]]<br />
*[[Tanaka Torazo]]<br />
*[[Tani Mantaro]]<br />
*[[Tanigawa Tatsukichi]]<br />
*[[Taniguchi Shirobe]]<br />
*[[Taoka Taro]]<br />
*[[Yamano Yasohachi]]<br />
<br />
==Regulations==<br />
The Shinsengumi Regulations (Kyokuchu Hatto) were established<br />
to control the members. <br />
The regulations were first used to purge Serizawa's Mito group.<br />
<br />
#Deviating from Bushido.<br />
#Leaving the Shinsengumi.<br />
#Raising money privately.<br />
#Taking part in litigations.<br />
#Engaging in private fights.<br />
#Anybody who breaks the rules will be ordered to commit seppuku.<br />
<br />
==Uniform==<br />
The famous blue [[Haori]] was designed from [[Chushingura]].<br />
The pale blue color ''Asagi'' was known associated with the color of the seppuku [[Kamishimo]], however was used only for a year.<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Shinsengumi in Fiction==<br />
===Film===<br />
* ''Shinsengumi'' (新選組) 1925 (Director:Tsuji Yoshiro )<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Taicho Kondo Isami'' (新撰組隊長近藤勇) 1928-29(Director: Inutsuka Minoru)<br />
* ''Kobo Shinsengumi'' (興亡新選組) 1930 (Director:Ito Daisuke )<br />
* ''Ikinokotta Shinsengumi'' (生き残った新撰組) 1932(Director:Kinugasa Teinosuke )<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Hika'' (新撰組悲歌) 1934 (Director: Masuda Yasuo)<br />
* ''Shinsengumi'' (新選組) 1937 (Director: Kimura Sotoji)<br />
* ''Shinsengumi'' (新撰組) 1938 (Director: Makino Masahiro)<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Kyouraku Fuun no maki'' (新選組 京洛風雲の巻) 1952(Director: Hagiwara Ryo )<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Ikedaya Sodo'' (新選組 池田屋騒動) 1952(Director:Hagiwara Ryo )<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Maken Ranbu''(新選組 魔剣乱舞)1952(Director:Hagiwara Ryo )<br />
* ''Ikedaya Sodo'' (池田屋騒動) 1953 (Director: Ikeda Tomiyasu)<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Oni Taicho'' (新選組鬼隊長) 1954 (Director:Kouno Toshikazu )<br />
* ''Shinsengumi'' (新選組) 1958 (Director: Sasaki Yasushi )<br />
* ''Souretsu Shinsengumi'' (壮烈新選組) 1960 (Director:Sasaki Yasushi )<br />
* ''Fu-un Shinsengumi'' (風雲新撰組) 1961 (Director:Mouri Masaki )<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Keppuroku Kondo Isami'' (新選組血風録・近藤勇) 1963 (Director: Ozawa Shigehiro)<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Shimatsuki'' (新選組始末記) 1963 (Director:Misumi Kenji)<br />
* ''Moeyo Ken'' (燃えよ剣) 1966 (Director: Ichimura Taiichi)<br />
* ''Shinsengumi'' (新選組) 1969 (Director:Sawamura Tadashi )<br />
* ''Okita Soji'' (沖田総司) 1974 (Director: Deme Masanobu)<br />
* ''Gohatto'' (御法度) 1999 (Director: Oshima Nagisa)<br />
* ''Shinsengumi'' (新撰組) 2000 (Director: Ichikawa Kon )<br />
* ''When the Last Sword is Drawn'' (壬生義士伝) 2003 (Director: Takita Yojiro)<br />
<br />
===Television===<br />
<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Shimatsuki'' (新選組始末記) TBS 1961<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Keppuroku'' (新選組血風録) NET 1965-66<br />
* ''Shinsengumi'' (新選組) CX<br />
* ''Moeyo Ken'' (燃えよ剣) NET 1970 <br />
* ''Shinsengumi Shimatsuki'' (新選組始末記) NET 1977<br />
* ''Mibu no Koiuta'' (壬生の恋唄) NHK 1983 <br />
* ''Moeyo Ken'' (燃えよ剣) TX 1990 <br />
* ''Shinsengumi Ikedaya no ketto'' (新選組池田屋の決闘) TBS 1992<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Keppuroku'' (新選組血風録) ANB 1999 <br />
* ''Shinsengumi!'' (新選組) 43rd NHK Taiga Drama 2004<br />
<br />
===Books===<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Shimatsuki'' (新選組始末記) [[Shimozawa Kan]]<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Monogatari'' (新選組物語) Shimozawa Kan<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Keppuroku'' (新選組血風録) Shiba Ryotaro<br />
* ''Moeyo Ken'' (燃えよ剣) Shiba Ryotaro<br />
* ''Bakumatsu Shinsengumi'' (幕末新選組) Ikenami Shotaro<br />
* ''Kondo Isami Hakusho'' (近藤勇白書) Ikenami Shotaro <br />
* ''Mibu Gishi Den'' (壬生義士伝) Asada Jiro<br />
* ''Wachigai-ya Itosato'' (輪違屋糸里) Asada Jiro<br />
* ''Itsuno hi ka kaeru'' (いつの日か還る) Nakamura Akihiko<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Bakumatsu no Aoarashi'' (新選組幕末の青嵐) Kiuchi Noboru<br />
* ''Jimushi Naku'' (地虫鳴く) Kiuchi Noboru<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Kodaijito'' (新選組・高台寺党) Ichii Koichi<br />
* ''Shinsengumi ga iku'' (新撰組が行く) Domon Fuyuji<br />
<br />
==Shinsengumi research books==<br />
<br />
* ''Shinsengumi - Honor and Determination of the Mibu Rôshi'' (血誠新撰組-峻烈壬生浪士忠と斬), Rekishi Gunzô series #31, Gakken, Japan, 2003<br />
* ''[[Shinsengumi Ibun]]'' (新選組遺聞) Shimozawa Kan<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Tenmatsuki'' (新撰組顛末記) Nagakura Shinpachi<br />
* ''[[Shinsengumi Nikki]]'' (新選組日記) Kimura Yukihiko<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Shiryo-shu'' (新選組史料集) Shinjinbutsu Orai sha<br />
* ''Zoku Shinsengumi Shiryo-shu'' (続新選組史料集) Shinjinbutsu Orai sha<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Nisshi'' (新選組日誌) Shinjinbutsu Orai sha<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Shiseki Jiten East Japan'' (新選組史跡事典東日本編) Shinjinbutsu Orai sha<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Shiseki Jiten West Japan'' (新選組史跡事典西日本編) Shinjinbutsu Orai sha<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Dai Jinmei Jiten'' (新選組大人名事典) Shinjinbutsu Orai sha<br />
* ''[[Shinsengumi Zentaishi Tettei Guide]]'' (新選組全隊士徹底ガイド) Maeda Masaki <br />
* ''[[Shinsengumi Shashin Zenshu]]'' (新選組写真全集) Tsuri Yoichi<br />
* ''[[Shinsengumi 100 Wa]]'' (新選組100話) Suzuki Toru<br />
* ''Kikigaki Shinsengumi'' (聞きがき新選組) Sato Akira<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Yowa'' (新選組余話) Kojima Masataka<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Shiroku'' (新撰組史録) Hirao Michio<br />
<br />
==References== <br />
* ''[[Shinsengumi Zentaishi Tettei Guide]]'' (新選組全隊士徹底ガイド) Maeda Masaki <br />
* ''[[Shinsengumi Shashin Zenshu]]'' (新選組写真全集) Tsuri Yoichi<br />
* ''[[Shinsengumi 100 Wa]]'' (新選組100話) Suzuki Toru<br />
* ''[[Shinsengumi Tenmatsuki]]'' (新撰組顛末記) Nagakura Shinpachi<br />
* ''[[Shinsengumi Nikki]]'' (新選組日記) Kimura Sachihiko<br />
*''[[Shinsengumi Taishi Den]]'' (新選組隊士伝) Gakken<br />
*''[[Kaiteishinban Shinsengumi]]'' (改訂新版新選組) Sekai Bunkasha<br />
*''[[Shinsengumi Exhibition catalog 2004]]''<br />
* ''[[Shinsengumi Shiroku]]'' (新撰組史録) Hirao Michio<br />
<br />
===English===<br />
* [[Romulus Hillsborough|Hillsborough, Romulus]]. ''[[Shinsengumi: The Shogun's Last Samurai Corps]]'', Tuttle Publishing, 2005<br />
<br />
[[Category:Groups]]<br />
[[Category:Bakumatsu]]<br />
[[Category:Edo Period]]<br />
[[Category:Shinsengumi]]</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=The_Samurai_Archives&diff=32043The Samurai Archives2015-07-16T22:41:34Z<p>Shogun: /* Origin of the Samurai Archives */ added footnote</p>
<hr />
<div>==Origin of the Samurai Archives==<br />
<br />
Starting sometime in late 1999<ref>The exact date the website first went online is lost to the mists of history; the first verifiable date is September 2nd, 1999</ref>, the Samurai Archives Japanese history page was developed by C.E. West and F.W. Seal. R. Noelle, a friend of West's, was trying his hand at running a web server over his cable internet connection from his apartment, and offered to host a website. West, remembering the utter lack of useful internet sources on Japanese history during his thesis on Oda Nobunaga in 1997, thought that a Japanese history website would be a neat idea. At the time, Seal was more interested in WWII history, and declined for a time, but soon came around, diving in with a vengeance, as Japanese history was a long time interest of his. Seal wrote the bulk of the original biographies, much of this work done during the year 2000. The first handful of slim biographies that were uploaded to the website were taken from notes originally researched by C.E. West during the summer of 1998 during slow periods at work while he was working for Maui Divers in Honolulu, HI. Most of this initial research came from [[Warrior Rule in Japan]] by Marius Jensen.<br />
<br />
==The Original Plan==<br />
<br />
The website itself was not planned out per se - the unconscious intent was to just keep putting up information until there was just so much there, it would meld into a cohesive whole. That never really happened, and it eventually became more of a "Sengoku History" page, rather than an all encompassing Japanese history page. The somewhat naive assumption was that as the page grew, interest would grow as well, and we would find contributors eager to help build the page - in essence, the original thought was the same concept of a Wiki, however, at that time the software didn't exist, or if it did, we were not aware of it. Unfortunately, this concept never really came to fruition until the "[http://www.samurai-archives.com/guestart.html Guest Articles]" section was christened with the first article, ''[http://www.samurai-archives.com/KabArt.html Kawari Kabuto and the Great Warlords of the "Sengoku"]'' by Augie Rodriguez in October, 2000. The section name was later changed to "Featured Articles" in mid 2002, and at this time articles by F.W.Seal were moved there from the "Culture" and "General History" sections, to give it a more integrated feel to the rest of the website. Even then, it wasn't until the addition of the Samurai Wiki in August of 2006 that the true potential and intent of this website could be reached.<br />
<br />
==The URLs==<br />
<br />
The Samurai Archives has been through a few URLs over the years. The original URL was essentially an IP address followed by ~kitsuno while it was hosted on R. Noelle's home server. <br />
<br />
===The First URL===<br />
<br />
A few months after the initial IP address URL, the URL was changed to <nowiki>http://www.techjapanese.com/~samurai/index.html</nowiki>.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.techjapanese.com/~samurai/index.html The TechJapanese website as logged on the Internet Archive]</ref> TechJapanese.com was R. Noelle's original website, which is no longer in use. At this time, it was still on his home server, and any time there was a power outage, the site would go down until he turned his computer back on.<br />
<br />
===The Big Crash===<br />
<br />
Because the traffic was getting to be too much, the website was moved from R. Noelle's home computer server to a free online host at <nowiki>http://samurai.bigsitecity.com/</nowiki> <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://samurai.bigsitecity.com The Bigsitecity website as logged on the Internet Archive]</ref> sometime in 2000. It was hosted there until the host server mysteriously crashed without warning in late July or early August of 2001.<ref>Further research shows that what had actually happened was that the domain name bigsitecity.com expired at this time and was not renewed by the original holder.</ref> Because some images were not backed up, there was some irretrievable losses, including some clan kamon and genealogy images. Other lost images were fortunately saved by some forum members who had saved them to thier computer. Repeated attempts to contact the host (bigsitecity.com)<ref>It seems that bigsitecity.com, if it still exists, is now mainly a host for prolific spammers. ''(see this [http://spamhuntress.com/wiki/Bigsitecity.com Wikipedia article] for details)''</ref> got us nowhere, but since it was a free hosting site, there was not much we could do, so we moved yet again.<br />
<br />
===Angelfire to Samurai-Archives.com===<br />
<br />
The next URL was http://www.angelfire.com/realm/kitsuno01/.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.angelfire.com/realm/kitsuno01/ The Angelfire website as logged on the Internet Archive]</ref> The Samurai Archives stayed there until the domain name "samurai-archives.com" was purchased in June, 2002. West arbitrarily opted for the hyphen, and went with .com because he felt it gave it a more official feel than .net or .org. The new website was set up with the hosting company called [http://www.hostway.com Hostway] in early December, 2002.<br />
<br />
The website stayed with Hostway until August, 2006, when the size of the Samurai Archives and amount of traffic warranted a move away from Hostway to a far more competitive company, with approximately 18 times more available webspace, better features, and more reasonable prices.<br />
<br />
==The Title Banners==<br />
<table style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 225px; border: #FFFFFF solid 1px"><br />
<tr><td>[[Image:SA1.jpg|225px|thumb|left|The original title banner]]<br />
[[Image:SA2.jpg|225px|thumb|right|The second banner, implemented in 2001.]]</td></tr></table><br />
<br />
So far, only 3 title banners have been used on the Samurai Archives Japanese history page. The Background photo on the original banner is of Ginkakuji, taken by C.West. <br />
<br />
The image on the second banner is from a still of a battle scene in the [[NHK Taiga Drama]] "Hideyoshi", from the late 1990's starring Takenaka Naoto as [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]]. The third banner was a more simple and straightforward style, including the Japanese kanji for "Samurai". Currently the title of the page is in text, without an image.<br />
<br />
==The Forums==<br />
<br />
After the webpage was established and things progressed, C.E. West decided to create a forum, hoping to attract people to the concept of the webpage. <br />
<br />
===The First Forum===<br />
<br />
On Christmas day, 1999, at approximately 10AM PST, the [http://forums.delphiforums.com/samuraihistory/start Samurai History forum] was founded at Delphi Forums. The forum slowly caught on, attracting people from other Delphi forums.<br />
<br />
By the time the new [http://forums.samurai-archives.com Samurai Archives Citadel] forum replaced it in 2006, the Delphi forum was fully entrenched and established as a major Japanese history forum on the internet with over 30,000 posts.<br />
<br />
====Flame War====<br />
<br />
Although things started out solid, with very high quality discussions, sometime in late 2000 or very early 2001, a flame war errupted over multiple inane topics, including the inappropriateness of people in the USA selling T-shirts with clan Kamon on them, the "inability" of westerners to "understand" the Japanese or Japanese history, and theories about the possibility of intermarriage between related families within the line of Japanese emperors. The war was spurred and aggrivated by two particularly bellicose forum goers, and in the resulting explosion most of the members were lost. Few remain today who remember the heady and wild early days of the forum. Most current members joined in 2001 or later.<br />
<br />
Unfortunately the forum strings related to the warfare of 2000 were eliminated, and thus lost to history<ref>All flame war related posts were deleted by the moderators in an effort to end further conflict and return the forum to some semblance of normalcy. This decision would come back to haunt them nearly six months later, when C. West and F. Seal ran into both of the agitators on a (now defunct) Delphi Japanese culture forum, and the two agitators yet again began hurling accusations.</ref>.<br />
<br />
===Yahoo Group===<br />
<br />
In an attempt to give people another option for dialogue and discussion, the [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/samuraihistory/ Samurai History Yahoo Group] was created in September, 2000. The theory here was that some people might prefer an email group rather than a forum to communicate, so it was decided to create a yahoo group to supplement the Delphi forum. The Yahoo group has proven over the years to attract a larger pool of members, however the conversations tends to ebb and flow, with long periods of "down time" interspersed with periods of intense activity. An example of this was the time surrounding the release of the Tom Cruise movie ''The Last Samurai''. For a period of three months average posts to the list went from about 100 per month to over 400 per month.<br />
<br />
===Samurai Archives Citadel===<br />
<br />
In 2006, the Samurai History Delphi forum was permanently replaced by the new [http://forums.samurai-archives.com Samurai Archives Citadel]<ref>The name "Citadel" was inspired by the castle citadels from the computer game ''Shogun Total War''.</ref>. Over the years there had been numerous complaints about the difficulty and lack of features of the Delphi forum (however, it was also felt that this "difficulty of use" helped keep out the more disruptive elements who didn't want to take the time and trouble to sign up and interface with the Delphi forum), and so after an offer from forum member [[User:Kryo|Kryo]] to implement and host a new, modernized forum, the Citadel went online approximately May 4th, 2006. The new forum added features such as "ranks", post counts, and "avatars" that were not available on the delphi forum.<br />
<br />
===Samurai Archives Japanese History Forum===<br />
<br />
By 2015, the software for the Samurai Archives Citadel had become so outdated it would have required a major update to continue maintaining it as a viable forum. Additionally, all major email clients (in particular Gmail, Yahoo mail, and Hotmail) consistently rejected all forum activation emails as spam. Because of this no new members were easily able to create an account on the forum from about 2011 onwards. Because the forum was housed on the Samurai Archives server, all responsibility for its maintenance fell to the webmaster. It became untenable, so on march 4th, 2015 the forum was retired in favor of a forum hosted by Zetaboards. The subdomain forums.samurai-archives.com now redirects there, and the Samurai Archives Citadel forum can be found at forumarchive.samurai-archives.com.<br />
<br />
==History of the Sections of the Samurai Archives==<br />
<br />
===Original Sections===<br />
<br />
The original sections of the Samurai Archives for the most part included [http://www.samurai-archives.com/warrior.html Famous Samurai]<ref>The "famous Samurai" link on the homepage was directed to the [[:Category:Samurai|Samurai]] category on this Wiki in October, 2006.</ref>, and various timelines of the major periods of Japanese history. Early on, each timeline had its own link to the index page. Only later, during a major consolodation of the index page, would each time period be removed from the home page and added to an inclusive [http://www.samurai-archives.com/chronol.html Timelines] link. <br />
<br />
The "famous Samurai" section was originally (and always) meant to encompass Samurai from all periods of Japanese history, but as time went on, this section (along with the rest of the page) became more and more "Sengoku-centric" due mostly to the interest and specialization of the creators of the page. In point of fact, there was very little added from any other period of japanese history outside of the 14th and 16th centuries.<br />
<br />
Within the first month, a [http://www.samurai-archives.com/links.html links] page, a [http://www.samurai-archives.com/rec.html recommended reading] page, and a [http://www.samurai-archives.com/source.html sources]<ref>The "Sources" page was eventually removed from the index page because many of the sources were unfortunately not tracked.</ref> page was added.<br />
<br />
===Later sections===<br />
<br />
==History of the Samurai Archives index page format==<br />
<br />
The original format for the index page of the Samurai Archives was created to simulate a Japanese hanging wall scroll<ref>This had the added benefit of being a simple way to organize the page, as the creator, C. West, was essentially learning HMTL by working on the page.</ref>. <br />
<br />
In May, 2002, inspired by a [http://www.uboat.net German U-Boat website]<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20020524205024/http://www.uboat.net/ Uboat.net as archived on the Internet Archive, May '02]</ref>, the index page was rebuilt from the ground up to resemble the current format.<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Resource Articles]]</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=Serizawa_Kamo&diff=32042Serizawa Kamo2015-07-16T21:00:53Z<p>Shogun: </p>
<hr />
<div>* ''Birth: ?''<br />
* ''Death: [[1863]]/9/18 (10/30/1863)''<br />
* ''Ranks: Mibu Rôshigumi Commander''<br />
* ''Other name: Shimomura Tsuguji, Serizawa Mitsumoto''<br />
* Japanese: 芹沢 鴨 ''(Serizawa Kamo)''<br />
<br />
==Mito==<br />
The Serizawa family were [[Goshi|Gôshi]] of Seizawa village in [[Hitachi province]].<br />
Serizawa Mitsumoto was adopted into the Shimomura family and his name was changed to Shimomura Tsuguji.<br />
Tsuguji was jailed for involvement in the [[Tamatsukurigumi]] which was a [[Sonno|Sonnô]] [[Joi|Jôi]] group in [[Mito han]], however he was released in [[1862]] and then he changed his name to Serizawa Kamo.<br />
<br />
==Mibu Rôshigumi==<br />
Serizawa joined the [[Roshigumi|Rôshigumi]] in [[Edo]] in [[1864]] and moved to [[Kyoto]].<br />
He and [[Kondo Isami|Kondô Isami]] protested against [[Kiyokawa Hachiro|Kiyokawa Hachirô]] and decided to stay in Kyoto.<br />
The 24 [[Ronin]] who stayed in Kyoto called themselves the [[Mibu Roshigumi|Mibu Rôshigumi]] and they were employed by [[Aizu han]].<br />
However, Serizawa's violent acts became a big problem in Kyoto, so Aizu han secretly ordered Kondo to assassinate Serizawa.<br />
In [[1863]], [[Hijikata Toshizo|Hijikata Toshizô]], [[Okita Soji|Okita Sôji]], [[Harada Sanosuke]], and [[Yamanami Keisuke]] stormed into [[Yagi Gennojo|Yagi Gennojô's]] house and killed Serizawa and [[Hirayama Goro|Hirayama Gorô]]. (There are alternative theories regarding the people involved in Serizawa's assassination.) Their graves are in [[Mibu temple]] Kyoto.<br />
<br />
==Serizawa Kamo in Fiction==<br />
===Books===<br />
* ''Serizawa Kamo no Ansatsu'' (芹沢鴨の暗殺) Shiba Ryotaro<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Kyokucho Shuso Serizawa Kamo'' (新撰組局長首座 芹沢鴨) Mine Ryuichiro<br />
* ''Serizawa Kamo Shide no Tsuba'' (芹沢鴨・死出の鐔) Tanba Hajime<br />
* ''Serizawa Kamo no Shogai'' (芹沢鴨の生涯) Shiroi Yuji<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* ''Shinsengumi - Honor and Determination of the Mibu Rôshi'' (血誠新撰組-峻烈壬生浪士忠と斬), Rekishi Gunzô series #31, Gakken, Japan, 2003<br />
*''Shinsengumi Taishi Den'' (新選組隊士伝) Gakken<br />
<br />
[[Category:Samurai]][[Category:Shinsengumi]][[Category:Bakumatsu]][[Category:Edo Period]]</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=Serizawa_Kamo&diff=32041Serizawa Kamo2015-07-16T20:58:01Z<p>Shogun: /* Mito */</p>
<hr />
<div>* ''Birth: ?''<br />
* ''Death: [[1863]]/9/18 (10/30/1863)''<br />
* ''Ranks: Mibu Rôshigumi Commander''<br />
* ''Other name: Shimomura Tsuguji''<br />
* Japanese: 芹沢 鴨 ''(Serizawa Kamo)''<br />
<br />
==Mito==<br />
The Serizawa family were [[Goshi|Gôshi]] of Seizawa village in [[Hitachi province]].<br />
Serizawa Mistumoto was adopted into the Shimomura family and his name was changed to Shimomura Tsuguji.<br />
Tsuguji was jailed for involvement in the [[Tamatsukurigumi]] which was a [[Sonno|Sonnô]][[Joi|Jôi]] group in [[Mito han]], however he was released in [[1862]] and then he changed his name to "Serizawa Kamo".<br />
<br />
==Mibu Rôshigumi==<br />
Serizawa joined the [[Roshigumi|Rôshigumi]] in [[Edo]] in [[1864]] and moved to [[Kyoto]].<br />
He and [[Kondo Isami|Kondô Isami]] protested against [[Kiyokawa Hachiro|Kiyokawa Hachirô]] and decided to stay in Kyoto.<br />
The 24 [[Ronin]] who stayed in Kyoto called themselves the [[Mibu Roshigumi|Mibu Rôshigumi]] and they were employed by [[Aizu han]].<br />
However, Serizawa's violent acts became a big problem in Kyoto, so Aizu han secretly ordered Kondo to assassinate Serizawa.<br />
In [[1863]], [[Hijikata Toshizo|Hijikata Toshizô]], [[Okita Soji|Okita Sôji]], [[Harada Sanosuke]], and [[Yamanami Keisuke]] stormed into [[Yagi Gennojo|Yagi Gennojô's]] house and killed Serizawa and [[Hirayama Goro|Hirayama Gorô]]. (There are alternative theories regarding the people involved in Serizawa's assassination.) Their graves are in [[Mibu temple]] Kyoto.<br />
<br />
==Serizawa Kamo in Fiction==<br />
===Books===<br />
* ''Serizawa Kamo no Ansatsu'' (芹沢鴨の暗殺) Shiba Ryotaro<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Kyokucho Shuso Serizawa Kamo'' (新撰組局長首座 芹沢鴨) Mine Ryuichiro<br />
* ''Serizawa Kamo Shide no Tsuba'' (芹沢鴨・死出の鐔) Tanba Hajime<br />
* ''Serizawa Kamo no Shogai'' (芹沢鴨の生涯) Shiroi Yuji<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* ''Shinsengumi - Honor and Determination of the Mibu Rôshi'' (血誠新撰組-峻烈壬生浪士忠と斬), Rekishi Gunzô series #31, Gakken, Japan, 2003<br />
*''Shinsengumi Taishi Den'' (新選組隊士伝) Gakken<br />
<br />
[[Category:Samurai]][[Category:Shinsengumi]][[Category:Bakumatsu]][[Category:Edo Period]]</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=Noguchi_Kenji&diff=32040Noguchi Kenji2015-07-16T20:56:49Z<p>Shogun: </p>
<hr />
<div>* ''Birth: [[1843]]''<br />
* ''Death: [[1863]]''<br />
* ''Japanese:'' 野口 健司 ''(Noguchi Kenji)''<br />
<br />
<br />
Noguchi was a [[Mito han]] samurai. He joined the [[Roshigumi]] with [[Serizawa Kamo]].<br />
He wasn't in [[Yagi Gennojo|Yagi Gennojo's]] house when Serizawa was assassinated.<br />
However he was ordered to commit [[Seppuku]] 3 months later.<br />
The reason is unknown.<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*''Shinsengumi Taishi Den'' (新選組隊士伝) Gakken<br />
*''Shinsengumi Zentaishi Tettei Guide'' (新選組全隊士徹底ガイド) Maeda Masaki <br />
<br />
[[Category:Samurai]][[Category:Shinsengumi]][[Category:Bakumatsu]][[Category:Edo Period]]</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=Okita_Soji&diff=31745Okita Soji2015-06-06T00:46:35Z<p>Shogun: /* Shieikan */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Biographical Data==<br />
<br />
* ''Born: [[1842]]?''<br />
* ''Died: [[1868]]''<br />
* ''Rank: Shinsengumi Captain''<br />
* Japanese: 沖田 総司 房良 ''(Okita Souji Kaneyoshi)''<br />
<br />
==Shieikan==<br />
<br />
Okita Sôji was born the son of a lower [[Shirakawa han]] Samurai. He was raised by his oldest sister Mitsu and her husband after his father died.<br />
When he was around 10, he became a pupil of [[Kondo Shusuke|Kondo Shusuke's]] [[Shieikan]], the [[Tennen Rishin Ryu]] dojo.<br />
When Sôji was just 12, he defeated a Shirakawa han Kenjutsu teacher.<br />
Sôji became a head instructor of the Shieikan when he was around 19.<br />
<br />
In [[1863]], he joined the [[Roshigumi|Rôshigumi]] along with other Shieikan members.<br />
<br />
==Shinsengumi==<br />
Sôji was involved in the assassination of [[Tonouchi Yoshio]] and [[Serizawa Kamo]].<br />
<br />
During the [[Ikedaya Affair]], he was one of four [[Shinsengumi]] members who raided the inside of the Ikedaya.<br />
During the 2 hour battle, Sôji fought on the 2nd floor almost alone but <br />
fell down unconscious because of either Anemia or heat.<br />
(Recent research indicates that this was not a symptom of tuberculosis)<br />
Many people who witnessed the Shinsengumi in action described Sôji as <br />
one of the best Swordman in the Shinsengumi.<br />
On the other hand, [[Yagi Tamesaburo]] told [[Shimozawa Kan]] in early Showa period "Soji was always joking" and, "He used to play with neighboring children."<br />
<br />
==Tuberculosis==<br />
Soji became seriously ill in fall of [[1867]].<br />
He stayed at [[Osaka castle]] with the wounded [[Kondo Isami]] during the <br />
[[Battle of Toba-Fushimi]] in January [[1868]].<br />
In March, he visited [[Sato Hikogoro]] in Hino as a member of the [[Koyo Chinbutai]] <br />
but had to return to [[Edo]] because of his illness.<br />
He died 2 months after Kondo's death.<br />
His grave is in Keisho-ji, Tokyo.<br />
(Keisho-ji allows visitors for Soji's grave only once a year)<br />
<br />
==Okita Soji's Sword==<br />
* ''[[Kiyomitsu|Kaga Kiyomitsu]]'' 加賀清光<br />
<br />
==Okita in Fiction==<br />
===Film===<br />
* ''Kenshi Okita Soji'' (剣士沖田総司) 1929<br />
* ''Kengo Hiden Okita Soji'' (剣豪秘伝 沖田総司) 1960<br />
* ''Okita Soji'' (沖田総司) 1974<br />
* ''Bakumatsu Junjo Den'' (幕末純情伝) 1991<br />
<br />
===Television===<br />
* ''Nihon Kenkyaku Den Okita Soji'' (日本剣客伝 沖田総司) 1968 NET<br />
* ''Okita Soji'' (沖田総司) 1982 CX<br />
* ''Moete Chiru'' (燃えて散る) 1984 NTV<br />
<br />
===Books===<br />
* ''Okita Soji no koi'' (沖田総司の恋) in ''Shinsengumi Keppuroku'' (新選組血風録) Shiba Ryotaro<br />
* ''Kiku ichimonji'' (菊一文字) in ''Shinsengumi Keppuroku'' (新選組血風録) Shiba Ryotaro<br />
* ''Okita Soji'' (沖田総司) Ouchi Miyoko<br />
* ''Okita Soji'' Shui (沖田総司拾遺) Ouchi Miyoko<br />
* ''Okita Soji'' (沖田総司) Miyoshi Toru<br />
* ''Okita Soji'' (沖田総司) Matsuda Jukkoku<br />
* ''Okita Soji Omokagesho'' (沖田総司・おもかげ抄) Mori Makiko<br />
* ''Okita Soji Ansatsuken'' (沖田総司・暗殺剣) Kano Atsushi<br />
* ''Okita Soji Madoken'' (沖田総司・魔道剣) Kano Atsushi<br />
* ''Okita Soji Hijoken'' (沖田総司・非情剣) Kano Atsushi<br />
* ''Okita Soji Aika'' (沖田総司哀歌 ) Mori Makiko<br />
* ''Sora wo Oou Mabuta'' (天を覆う瞼) Makabe Saori<br />
* ''Soji Honoo no Gotoku'' (総司 炎の如く) Akiyama Kano<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Ichibantai Okita Soji'' (新選組一番隊 沖田総司) Yuki Shihaya<br />
* ''Okita Soji'' (沖田総司) Saotome Misugu<br />
* ''Okita Soji Chiyo hanato Mae'' (沖田総司 血よ、花と舞え) Take Shinya<br />
* ''Okita Soji Koiuta'' (沖田総司恋唄) Hirose Niki<br />
* ''Okita Soji Zaneisho'' (総司残英抄) Tobe Shinjuro<br />
* ''Yubae Kenshi'' (夕映え剣士) Kannno Kuniharu<br />
* ''Hana Akari'' (花あかり) Miwa Yoshiko<br />
<br />
==Research Books==<br />
* ''Okita Soji no Subete'' (沖田総司のすべて) Shinjinbutsu Oraisha<br />
* ''Okita Soji to Shinsengumi Taishi'' (沖田総司と新選組隊士) Kawai Atsushi<br />
* ''Okita Soji wo Aruku'' (沖田総司を歩く) Oji Kazuko<br />
* ''Okita Soji'' (沖田総司) Gakken<br />
* ''Hijikata Toshizo, Okita Soji Zenshokanshu'' (土方歳三・沖田総司全書簡集) Kikuchi Akira<br />
* ''Okita Soji Dokuhon'' (沖田総司読本) Shinjinbutsu Oraisha<br />
* ''Okita Soji to Shinsengumi'' (沖田総司と新選組) Imagawa Tokuzo<br />
*''Shinsengumi Kumicho Retsuden'' (新選組組長列伝) Shinjinbutsu Oraisha<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Meimeiden3'' (新選組銘々伝3) Shinjinbutsu Oraisha<br />
<br />
==References== <br />
* ''Okita Soji no Subete'' (沖田総司のすべて) Shinjinbutsu Oraisha<br />
* ''Okita Soji wo Aruku'' (沖田総司を歩く) Oji Kazuko<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Ibun'' (新選組遺聞) Shimozawa Kan<br />
*''Shinsengumi Taishi Den'' (新選組隊士伝) Gakken<br />
*''Shinsengumi'' (新選組) Sekai Bunkasha<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Zentaishi Tettei Guide'' (新選組全隊士徹底ガイド) Maeda Masaki<br />
<br />
[[Category:Samurai]]<br />
[[Category:Bakumatsu]]<br />
[[Category:Edo Period]]<br />
[[Category:Shinsengumi]]<br />
[[Category:Shinsengumi Members]]</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=Okita_Soji&diff=31742Okita Soji2015-06-05T14:58:15Z<p>Shogun: /* Shinsengumi */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Biographical Data==<br />
<br />
* ''Born: [[1842]]?''<br />
* ''Died: [[1868]]''<br />
* ''Rank: Shinsengumi Captain''<br />
* Japanese: 沖田 総司 房良 ''(Okita Souji Kaneyoshi)''<br />
<br />
==Shieikan==<br />
<br />
Okita Sôji was born the son of a lower [[Shirakawa han]] Samurai. He was raised by his oldest sister Mitsu and her husband after his father died.<br />
When he was around 10, he became pupil of [[Kondo Shusuke|Kondo Shusuke's]] [[Shieikan]], the [[Tennen Rishin Ryu]] dojo.<br />
One of the famous episodes of this Kenjutsu genius is when he was just 12, he defeated a Kenjutsu teacher of Shirakawa han.<br />
Sôji became head coach of Shieikan when he was around 19.<br />
<br />
[[1863]], he joined [[Roshigumi|Rôshigumi]] along with other Shieikan members.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Shinsengumi==<br />
Sôji was involved in the assassination of [[Tonouchi Yoshio]] and [[Serizawa Kamo]].<br />
<br />
During the [[Ikedaya Affair]], he was one of four [[Shinsengumi]] members who raided the inside of the Ikedaya.<br />
During the 2 hour battle, Sôji fought on the 2nd floor almost alone but <br />
fell down unconscious because of either Anemia or heat.<br />
(Recent research indicates that this was not a symptom of tuberculosis)<br />
Many people who witnessed the Shinsengumi in action described Sôji as <br />
one of the best Swordman in the Shinsengumi.<br />
On the other hand, [[Yagi Tamesaburo]] told [[Shimozawa Kan]] in early Showa period "Soji was always joking" and, "He used to play with neighboring children."<br />
<br />
==Tuberculosis==<br />
Soji became seriously ill in fall of [[1867]].<br />
He stayed at [[Osaka castle]] with the wounded [[Kondo Isami]] during the <br />
[[Battle of Toba-Fushimi]] in January [[1868]].<br />
In March, he visited [[Sato Hikogoro]] in Hino as a member of the [[Koyo Chinbutai]] <br />
but had to return to [[Edo]] because of his illness.<br />
He died 2 months after Kondo's death.<br />
His grave is in Keisho-ji, Tokyo.<br />
(Keisho-ji allows visitors for Soji's grave only once a year)<br />
<br />
==Okita Soji's Sword==<br />
* ''[[Kiyomitsu|Kaga Kiyomitsu]]'' 加賀清光<br />
<br />
==Okita in Fiction==<br />
===Film===<br />
* ''Kenshi Okita Soji'' (剣士沖田総司) 1929<br />
* ''Kengo Hiden Okita Soji'' (剣豪秘伝 沖田総司) 1960<br />
* ''Okita Soji'' (沖田総司) 1974<br />
* ''Bakumatsu Junjo Den'' (幕末純情伝) 1991<br />
<br />
===Television===<br />
* ''Nihon Kenkyaku Den Okita Soji'' (日本剣客伝 沖田総司) 1968 NET<br />
* ''Okita Soji'' (沖田総司) 1982 CX<br />
* ''Moete Chiru'' (燃えて散る) 1984 NTV<br />
<br />
===Books===<br />
* ''Okita Soji no koi'' (沖田総司の恋) in ''Shinsengumi Keppuroku'' (新選組血風録) Shiba Ryotaro<br />
* ''Kiku ichimonji'' (菊一文字) in ''Shinsengumi Keppuroku'' (新選組血風録) Shiba Ryotaro<br />
* ''Okita Soji'' (沖田総司) Ouchi Miyoko<br />
* ''Okita Soji'' Shui (沖田総司拾遺) Ouchi Miyoko<br />
* ''Okita Soji'' (沖田総司) Miyoshi Toru<br />
* ''Okita Soji'' (沖田総司) Matsuda Jukkoku<br />
* ''Okita Soji Omokagesho'' (沖田総司・おもかげ抄) Mori Makiko<br />
* ''Okita Soji Ansatsuken'' (沖田総司・暗殺剣) Kano Atsushi<br />
* ''Okita Soji Madoken'' (沖田総司・魔道剣) Kano Atsushi<br />
* ''Okita Soji Hijoken'' (沖田総司・非情剣) Kano Atsushi<br />
* ''Okita Soji Aika'' (沖田総司哀歌 ) Mori Makiko<br />
* ''Sora wo Oou Mabuta'' (天を覆う瞼) Makabe Saori<br />
* ''Soji Honoo no Gotoku'' (総司 炎の如く) Akiyama Kano<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Ichibantai Okita Soji'' (新選組一番隊 沖田総司) Yuki Shihaya<br />
* ''Okita Soji'' (沖田総司) Saotome Misugu<br />
* ''Okita Soji Chiyo hanato Mae'' (沖田総司 血よ、花と舞え) Take Shinya<br />
* ''Okita Soji Koiuta'' (沖田総司恋唄) Hirose Niki<br />
* ''Okita Soji Zaneisho'' (総司残英抄) Tobe Shinjuro<br />
* ''Yubae Kenshi'' (夕映え剣士) Kannno Kuniharu<br />
* ''Hana Akari'' (花あかり) Miwa Yoshiko<br />
<br />
==Research Books==<br />
* ''Okita Soji no Subete'' (沖田総司のすべて) Shinjinbutsu Oraisha<br />
* ''Okita Soji to Shinsengumi Taishi'' (沖田総司と新選組隊士) Kawai Atsushi<br />
* ''Okita Soji wo Aruku'' (沖田総司を歩く) Oji Kazuko<br />
* ''Okita Soji'' (沖田総司) Gakken<br />
* ''Hijikata Toshizo, Okita Soji Zenshokanshu'' (土方歳三・沖田総司全書簡集) Kikuchi Akira<br />
* ''Okita Soji Dokuhon'' (沖田総司読本) Shinjinbutsu Oraisha<br />
* ''Okita Soji to Shinsengumi'' (沖田総司と新選組) Imagawa Tokuzo<br />
*''Shinsengumi Kumicho Retsuden'' (新選組組長列伝) Shinjinbutsu Oraisha<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Meimeiden3'' (新選組銘々伝3) Shinjinbutsu Oraisha<br />
<br />
==References== <br />
* ''Okita Soji no Subete'' (沖田総司のすべて) Shinjinbutsu Oraisha<br />
* ''Okita Soji wo Aruku'' (沖田総司を歩く) Oji Kazuko<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Ibun'' (新選組遺聞) Shimozawa Kan<br />
*''Shinsengumi Taishi Den'' (新選組隊士伝) Gakken<br />
*''Shinsengumi'' (新選組) Sekai Bunkasha<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Zentaishi Tettei Guide'' (新選組全隊士徹底ガイド) Maeda Masaki<br />
<br />
[[Category:Samurai]]<br />
[[Category:Bakumatsu]]<br />
[[Category:Edo Period]]<br />
[[Category:Shinsengumi]]<br />
[[Category:Shinsengumi Members]]</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=Okita_Soji&diff=31741Okita Soji2015-06-05T14:56:52Z<p>Shogun: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Biographical Data==<br />
<br />
* ''Born: [[1842]]?''<br />
* ''Died: [[1868]]''<br />
* ''Rank: Shinsengumi Captain''<br />
* Japanese: 沖田 総司 房良 ''(Okita Souji Kaneyoshi)''<br />
<br />
==Shieikan==<br />
<br />
Okita Sôji was born the son of a lower [[Shirakawa han]] Samurai. He was raised by his oldest sister Mitsu and her husband after his father died.<br />
When he was around 10, he became pupil of [[Kondo Shusuke|Kondo Shusuke's]] [[Shieikan]], the [[Tennen Rishin Ryu]] dojo.<br />
One of the famous episodes of this Kenjutsu genius is when he was just 12, he defeated a Kenjutsu teacher of Shirakawa han.<br />
Sôji became head coach of Shieikan when he was around 19.<br />
<br />
[[1863]], he joined [[Roshigumi|Rôshigumi]] along with other Shieikan members.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Shinsengumi==<br />
Sôji was involved in the assassination of [[Tonouchi Yoshio]] and [[Serizawa Kamo]].<br />
During the [[Ikedaya Affair]], he was one of four [[Shinsengumi]] members who raided the inside of the Ikedaya.<br />
During the 2 hour battle, Sôji fought on the 2nd floor almost alone but <br />
fell down unconscious because of either Anemia or heat.<br />
(Recent research indicates that this was not a symptom of tuberculosis)<br />
Many people who witnessed the Shinsengumi in action described Sôji as <br />
one of the best Swordman in the Shinsengumi.<br />
On the other hand, [[Yagi Tamesaburo]] told [[Shimozawa Kan]] in early Showa period "Soji was always joking" and, "He used to play with neighboring children."<br />
<br />
==Tuberculosis==<br />
Soji became seriously ill in fall of [[1867]].<br />
He stayed at [[Osaka castle]] with the wounded [[Kondo Isami]] during the <br />
[[Battle of Toba-Fushimi]] in January [[1868]].<br />
In March, he visited [[Sato Hikogoro]] in Hino as a member of the [[Koyo Chinbutai]] <br />
but had to return to [[Edo]] because of his illness.<br />
He died 2 months after Kondo's death.<br />
His grave is in Keisho-ji, Tokyo.<br />
(Keisho-ji allows visitors for Soji's grave only once a year)<br />
<br />
==Okita Soji's Sword==<br />
* ''[[Kiyomitsu|Kaga Kiyomitsu]]'' 加賀清光<br />
<br />
==Okita in Fiction==<br />
===Film===<br />
* ''Kenshi Okita Soji'' (剣士沖田総司) 1929<br />
* ''Kengo Hiden Okita Soji'' (剣豪秘伝 沖田総司) 1960<br />
* ''Okita Soji'' (沖田総司) 1974<br />
* ''Bakumatsu Junjo Den'' (幕末純情伝) 1991<br />
<br />
===Television===<br />
* ''Nihon Kenkyaku Den Okita Soji'' (日本剣客伝 沖田総司) 1968 NET<br />
* ''Okita Soji'' (沖田総司) 1982 CX<br />
* ''Moete Chiru'' (燃えて散る) 1984 NTV<br />
<br />
===Books===<br />
* ''Okita Soji no koi'' (沖田総司の恋) in ''Shinsengumi Keppuroku'' (新選組血風録) Shiba Ryotaro<br />
* ''Kiku ichimonji'' (菊一文字) in ''Shinsengumi Keppuroku'' (新選組血風録) Shiba Ryotaro<br />
* ''Okita Soji'' (沖田総司) Ouchi Miyoko<br />
* ''Okita Soji'' Shui (沖田総司拾遺) Ouchi Miyoko<br />
* ''Okita Soji'' (沖田総司) Miyoshi Toru<br />
* ''Okita Soji'' (沖田総司) Matsuda Jukkoku<br />
* ''Okita Soji Omokagesho'' (沖田総司・おもかげ抄) Mori Makiko<br />
* ''Okita Soji Ansatsuken'' (沖田総司・暗殺剣) Kano Atsushi<br />
* ''Okita Soji Madoken'' (沖田総司・魔道剣) Kano Atsushi<br />
* ''Okita Soji Hijoken'' (沖田総司・非情剣) Kano Atsushi<br />
* ''Okita Soji Aika'' (沖田総司哀歌 ) Mori Makiko<br />
* ''Sora wo Oou Mabuta'' (天を覆う瞼) Makabe Saori<br />
* ''Soji Honoo no Gotoku'' (総司 炎の如く) Akiyama Kano<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Ichibantai Okita Soji'' (新選組一番隊 沖田総司) Yuki Shihaya<br />
* ''Okita Soji'' (沖田総司) Saotome Misugu<br />
* ''Okita Soji Chiyo hanato Mae'' (沖田総司 血よ、花と舞え) Take Shinya<br />
* ''Okita Soji Koiuta'' (沖田総司恋唄) Hirose Niki<br />
* ''Okita Soji Zaneisho'' (総司残英抄) Tobe Shinjuro<br />
* ''Yubae Kenshi'' (夕映え剣士) Kannno Kuniharu<br />
* ''Hana Akari'' (花あかり) Miwa Yoshiko<br />
<br />
==Research Books==<br />
* ''Okita Soji no Subete'' (沖田総司のすべて) Shinjinbutsu Oraisha<br />
* ''Okita Soji to Shinsengumi Taishi'' (沖田総司と新選組隊士) Kawai Atsushi<br />
* ''Okita Soji wo Aruku'' (沖田総司を歩く) Oji Kazuko<br />
* ''Okita Soji'' (沖田総司) Gakken<br />
* ''Hijikata Toshizo, Okita Soji Zenshokanshu'' (土方歳三・沖田総司全書簡集) Kikuchi Akira<br />
* ''Okita Soji Dokuhon'' (沖田総司読本) Shinjinbutsu Oraisha<br />
* ''Okita Soji to Shinsengumi'' (沖田総司と新選組) Imagawa Tokuzo<br />
*''Shinsengumi Kumicho Retsuden'' (新選組組長列伝) Shinjinbutsu Oraisha<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Meimeiden3'' (新選組銘々伝3) Shinjinbutsu Oraisha<br />
<br />
==References== <br />
* ''Okita Soji no Subete'' (沖田総司のすべて) Shinjinbutsu Oraisha<br />
* ''Okita Soji wo Aruku'' (沖田総司を歩く) Oji Kazuko<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Ibun'' (新選組遺聞) Shimozawa Kan<br />
*''Shinsengumi Taishi Den'' (新選組隊士伝) Gakken<br />
*''Shinsengumi'' (新選組) Sekai Bunkasha<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Zentaishi Tettei Guide'' (新選組全隊士徹底ガイド) Maeda Masaki<br />
<br />
[[Category:Samurai]]<br />
[[Category:Bakumatsu]]<br />
[[Category:Edo Period]]<br />
[[Category:Shinsengumi]]<br />
[[Category:Shinsengumi Members]]</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=Okita_Soji&diff=31740Okita Soji2015-06-05T14:53:03Z<p>Shogun: /* Shinsengumi */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Biographical Data==<br />
<br />
* ''Born: [[1842]]?''<br />
* ''Died: [[1868]]''<br />
* ''Rank: Shinsengumi Captain''<br />
* Japanese: 沖田 総司 房良 ''(Okita Souji Kaneyoshi)''<br />
<br />
==Shieikan==<br />
<br />
Okita Sôji was born the son of a lower [[Shirakawa han]] Samurai. He was raised by his oldest sister Mitsu and her husband after his father died.<br />
When he was around 10, he became pupil of [[Kondo Shusuke|Kondo Shusuke's]] [[Shieikan]], the [[Tennen Rishin Ryu]] dojo.<br />
One of the famous episodes of this Kenjutsu genius is when he was just 12, he defeated a Kenjutsu teacher of Shirakawa han.<br />
Sôji became head coach of Shieikan when he was around 19.<br />
<br />
[[1863]], he joined [[Roshigumi|Rôshigumi]] along with other Shieikan members.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Shinsengumi==<br />
Sôji was involved in the assassination of [[Tonouchi Yoshio]] and [[Serizawa Kamo]].<br />
During the [[Ikedaya Affair]], he was one of four [[Shinsengumi]] members who raided the inside of the Ikedaya.<br />
During the 2 hour battle, Sôji fought on the 2nd floor almost alone but <br />
fell down unconscious because of either Anemia or heat.<br />
(Recent research indicates that this was not a symptom of tuberculosis)<br />
Many people who witnessed the Shinsengumi in action described Sôji as <br />
one of the best Swordman in the Shinsengumi.<br />
On the other hand, [[Yagi Tamesaburo]] told [[Shimozawa Kan]] in early Showa period "Soji was always joking" and, "He used to play with neighboring children."<br />
<br />
==Tuberculosis==<br />
Soji became seriously ill in fall of [[1867]].<br />
He stayed at [[Osaka castle]] with the wounded [[Kondo Isami]] during the <br />
[[Battle of Toba-Fushimi]] in January [[1868]].<br />
In March, he visited [[Sato Hikogoro]] in Hino as a member of the [[Koyo Chinbutai]] <br />
but had to return to [[Edo]] because of his illness.<br />
He died 2 months after Kondo's death.<br />
His grave is in Keisho-ji, Tokyo.<br />
(Keisho-ji allows visitors for Soji's grave only once a year)<br />
<br />
==Okita Soji's Sword==<br />
* ''[[Kiyomitsu|Kaga Kiyomitsu]]'' 加賀清光<br />
<br />
==Okita in Fiction==<br />
===Film===<br />
* ''Kenshi Okita Soji'' (剣士沖田総司) 1929<br />
* ''Kengo Hiden Okita Soji'' (剣豪秘伝 沖田総司) 1960<br />
* ''Okita Soji'' (沖田総司) 1974<br />
* ''Bakumatsu Junjo Den'' (幕末純情伝) 1991<br />
<br />
===Television===<br />
* ''Nihon Kenkyaku Den Okita Soji'' (日本剣客伝 沖田総司) 1968 NET<br />
* ''Okita Soji'' (沖田総司) 1982 CX<br />
* ''Moete Chiru'' (燃えて散る) 1984 NTV<br />
<br />
===Books===<br />
* ''Okita Soji no koi'' (沖田総司の恋) in ''Shinsengumi Keppuroku'' (新選組血風録) Shiba Ryotaro<br />
* ''Kiku ichimonji'' (菊一文字) in ''Shinsengumi Keppuroku'' (新選組血風録) Shiba Ryotaro<br />
* ''Okita Soji'' (沖田総司) Ouchi Miyoko<br />
* ''Okita Soji'' Shui (沖田総司拾遺) Ouchi Miyoko<br />
* ''Okita Soji'' (沖田総司) Miyoshi Toru<br />
* ''Okita Soji'' (沖田総司) Matsuda Jukkoku<br />
* ''Okita Soji Omokagesho'' (沖田総司・おもかげ抄) Mori Makiko<br />
* ''Okita Soji Ansatsuken'' (沖田総司・暗殺剣) Kano Atsushi<br />
* ''Okita Soji Madoken'' (沖田総司・魔道剣) Kano Atsushi<br />
* ''Okita Soji Hijoken'' (沖田総司・非情剣) Kano Atsushi<br />
* ''Okita Soji Aika'' (沖田総司哀歌 ) Mori Makiko<br />
* ''Sora wo Oou Mabuta'' (天を覆う瞼) Makabe Saori<br />
* ''Soji Honoo no Gotoku'' (総司 炎の如く) Akiyama Kano<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Ichibantai Okita Soji'' (新選組一番隊 沖田総司) Yuki Shihaya<br />
* ''Okita Soji'' (沖田総司) Saotome Misugu<br />
* ''Okita Soji Chiyo hanato Mae'' (沖田総司 血よ、花と舞え) Take Shinya<br />
* ''Okita Soji Koiuta'' (沖田総司恋唄) Hirose Niki<br />
* ''Okita Soji Zaneisho'' (総司残英抄) Tobe Shinjuro<br />
* ''Yubae Kenshi'' (夕映え剣士) Kannno Kuniharu<br />
* ''Hana Akari'' (花あかり) Miwa Yoshiko<br />
<br />
==Research Books==<br />
* ''Okita Soji no Subete'' (沖田総司のすべて) Shinjinbutsu Oraisha<br />
* ''Okita Soji to Shinsengumi Taishi'' (沖田総司と新選組隊士) Kawai Atsushi<br />
* ''Okita Soji wo Aruku'' (沖田総司を歩く) Oji Kazuko<br />
* ''Okita Soji'' (沖田総司) Gakken<br />
* ''Hijikata Toshizo, Okita Soji Zenshokanshu'' (土方歳三・沖田総司全書簡集) Kikuchi Akira<br />
* ''Okita Soji Dokuhon'' (沖田総司読本) Shinjinbutsu Oraisha<br />
* ''Okita Soji to Shinsengumi'' (沖田総司と新選組) Imagawa Tokuzo<br />
*''Shinsengumi Kumicho Retsuden'' (新選組組長列伝) Shinjinbutsu Oraisha<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Meimeiden3'' (新選組銘々伝3) Shinjinbutsu Oraisha<br />
<br />
==References== <br />
* ''Okita Soji no Subete'' (沖田総司のすべて) Shinjinbutsu Oraisha<br />
* ''Okita Soji wo Aruku'' (沖田総司を歩く) Oji Kazuko<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Ibun'' (新選組遺聞) Shimozawa Kan<br />
*''Shinsengumi Taishi Den'' (新選組隊士伝) Gakken<br />
*''Shinsengumi'' (新選組) Sekai Bunkasha<br />
* ''Shinsengumi Zentaishi Tettei Guide'' (新選組全隊士徹底ガイド) Maeda Masaki<br />
<br />
[[Category:Samurai]]<br />
[[Category:Bakumatsu]]<br />
[[Category:Edo Period]]<br />
[[Category:Shinsengumi]]<br />
[[Category:Shinsengumi Members]]<br />
{{draft}}</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=Tenbun_no_ran&diff=31676Tenbun no ran2015-05-28T19:34:14Z<p>Shogun: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Tenbun no ran was a feud between [[Date Tanemune]] and his son, [[Date Harumune]] when Tanemune attempted to adopt another of his sons, [[Date Sanemoto]], to the [[Uesugi clan]] which Harumune steadfastly opposed. What was initially a disagreement eventually escalated into a small internal clan war. Though Tanemune had the advantage for some time, Harumune gained the support of the Soma and Asihina clans, turning the feud in his favor. Eventually, Tanemune lost and was forced to retire in [[1548]], allowing Harumune to take control of the clan.<br />
<br />
The Tenbun no ran lasted roughly 6 years, beginning in [[1542]], causing much strife within the Date clan and many of its retainers, leaving it weak and unstable. The Date clan would not restabilize until Harumune's son, [[Date Terumune]] would take over, who in turn retired in favor of his son, [[Date Masamune]] in [[1584]].<br />
<br />
[[Category:Battles]][[Category:Sengoku Period]]</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=The_Samurai_Archives&diff=30973The Samurai Archives2015-03-25T02:08:04Z<p>Shogun: /* Samurai Archives Citadel */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Origin of the Samurai Archives==<br />
<br />
Starting sometime in late August or Early September 1999, the Samurai Archives Japanese history page was developed by C.E. West and F.W. Seal. R. Noelle, a friend of West's, was trying his hand at running a web server over his cable internet connection from his apartment, and offered to host a website. West, remembering the utter lack of useful internet sources on Japanese history during his thesis on Oda Nobunaga in 1997, thought that a Japanese history website would be a neat idea. At the time, Seal was more interested in WWII history, and declined for a time, but soon came around, diving in with a vengeance, as Japanese history was a long time interest of his. Seal wrote the bulk of the original biographies, much of this work done during the year 2000. The first handful of slim biographies that were uploaded to the website were taken from notes originally researched by C.E. West during the summer of 1998 during slow periods at work while he was working for Maui Divers in Honolulu, HI. Most of this initial research came from [[Warrior Rule in Japan]] by Marius Jensen.<br />
<br />
==The Original Plan==<br />
<br />
The website itself was not planned out per se - the unconscious intent was to just keep putting up information until there was just so much there, it would meld into a cohesive whole. That never really happened, and it eventually became more of a "Sengoku History" page, rather than an all encompassing Japanese history page. The somewhat naive assumption was that as the page grew, interest would grow as well, and we would find contributors eager to help build the page - in essence, the original thought was the same concept of a Wiki, however, at that time the software didn't exist, or if it did, we were not aware of it. Unfortunately, this concept never really came to fruition until the "[http://www.samurai-archives.com/guestart.html Guest Articles]" section was christened with the first article, ''[http://www.samurai-archives.com/KabArt.html Kawari Kabuto and the Great Warlords of the "Sengoku"]'' by Augie Rodriguez in October, 2000. The section name was later changed to "Featured Articles" in mid 2002, and at this time articles by F.W.Seal were moved there from the "Culture" and "General History" sections, to give it a more integrated feel to the rest of the website. Even then, it wasn't until the addition of the Samurai Wiki in August of 2006 that the true potential and intent of this website could be reached.<br />
<br />
==The URLs==<br />
<br />
The Samurai Archives has been through a few URLs over the years. The original URL was essentially an IP address followed by ~kitsuno while it was hosted on R. Noelle's home server. <br />
<br />
===The First URL===<br />
<br />
A few months after the initial IP address URL, the URL was changed to <nowiki>http://www.techjapanese.com/~samurai/index.html</nowiki>.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.techjapanese.com/~samurai/index.html The TechJapanese website as logged on the Internet Archive]</ref> TechJapanese.com was R. Noelle's original website, which is no longer in use. At this time, it was still on his home server, and any time there was a power outage, the site would go down until he turned his computer back on.<br />
<br />
===The Big Crash===<br />
<br />
Because the traffic was getting to be too much, the website was moved from R. Noelle's home computer server to a free online host at <nowiki>http://samurai.bigsitecity.com/</nowiki> <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://samurai.bigsitecity.com The Bigsitecity website as logged on the Internet Archive]</ref> sometime in 2000. It was hosted there until the host server mysteriously crashed without warning in late July or early August of 2001.<ref>Further research shows that what had actually happened was that the domain name bigsitecity.com expired at this time and was not renewed by the original holder.</ref> Because some images were not backed up, there was some irretrievable losses, including some clan kamon and genealogy images. Other lost images were fortunately saved by some forum members who had saved them to thier computer. Repeated attempts to contact the host (bigsitecity.com)<ref>It seems that bigsitecity.com, if it still exists, is now mainly a host for prolific spammers. ''(see this [http://spamhuntress.com/wiki/Bigsitecity.com Wikipedia article] for details)''</ref> got us nowhere, but since it was a free hosting site, there was not much we could do, so we moved yet again.<br />
<br />
===Angelfire to Samurai-Archives.com===<br />
<br />
The next URL was http://www.angelfire.com/realm/kitsuno01/.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.angelfire.com/realm/kitsuno01/ The Angelfire website as logged on the Internet Archive]</ref> The Samurai Archives stayed there until the domain name "samurai-archives.com" was purchased in June, 2002. West arbitrarily opted for the hyphen, and went with .com because he felt it gave it a more official feel than .net or .org. The new website was set up with the hosting company called [http://www.hostway.com Hostway] in early December, 2002.<br />
<br />
The website stayed with Hostway until August, 2006, when the size of the Samurai Archives and amount of traffic warranted a move away from Hostway to a far more competitive company, with approximately 18 times more available webspace, better features, and more reasonable prices.<br />
<br />
==The Title Banners==<br />
<table style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 225px; border: #FFFFFF solid 1px"><br />
<tr><td>[[Image:SA1.jpg|225px|thumb|left|The original title banner]]<br />
[[Image:SA2.jpg|225px|thumb|right|The second banner, implemented in 2001.]]</td></tr></table><br />
<br />
So far, only 3 title banners have been used on the Samurai Archives Japanese history page. The Background photo on the original banner is of Ginkakuji, taken by C.West. <br />
<br />
The image on the second banner is from a still of a battle scene in the [[NHK Taiga Drama]] "Hideyoshi", from the late 1990's starring Takenaka Naoto as [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]]. The third banner was a more simple and straightforward style, including the Japanese kanji for "Samurai". Currently the title of the page is in text, without an image.<br />
<br />
==The Forums==<br />
<br />
After the webpage was established and things progressed, C.E. West decided to create a forum, hoping to attract people to the concept of the webpage. <br />
<br />
===The First Forum===<br />
<br />
On Christmas day, 1999, at approximately 10AM PST, the [http://forums.delphiforums.com/samuraihistory/start Samurai History forum] was founded at Delphi Forums. The forum slowly caught on, attracting people from other Delphi forums.<br />
<br />
By the time the new [http://forums.samurai-archives.com Samurai Archives Citadel] forum replaced it in 2006, the Delphi forum was fully entrenched and established as a major Japanese history forum on the internet with over 30,000 posts.<br />
<br />
====Flame War====<br />
<br />
Although things started out solid, with very high quality discussions, sometime in late 2000 or very early 2001, a flame war errupted over multiple inane topics, including the inappropriateness of people in the USA selling T-shirts with clan Kamon on them, the "inability" of westerners to "understand" the Japanese or Japanese history, and theories about the possibility of intermarriage between related families within the line of Japanese emperors. The war was spurred and aggrivated by two particularly bellicose forum goers, and in the resulting explosion most of the members were lost. Few remain today who remember the heady and wild early days of the forum. Most current members joined in 2001 or later.<br />
<br />
Unfortunately the forum strings related to the warfare of 2000 were eliminated, and thus lost to history<ref>All flame war related posts were deleted by the moderators in an effort to end further conflict and return the forum to some semblance of normalcy. This decision would come back to haunt them nearly six months later, when C. West and F. Seal ran into both of the agitators on a (now defunct) Delphi Japanese culture forum, and the two agitators yet again began hurling accusations.</ref>.<br />
<br />
===Yahoo Group===<br />
<br />
In an attempt to give people another option for dialogue and discussion, the [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/samuraihistory/ Samurai History Yahoo Group] was created in September, 2000. The theory here was that some people might prefer an email group rather than a forum to communicate, so it was decided to create a yahoo group to supplement the Delphi forum. The Yahoo group has proven over the years to attract a larger pool of members, however the conversations tends to ebb and flow, with long periods of "down time" interspersed with periods of intense activity. An example of this was the time surrounding the release of the Tom Cruise movie ''The Last Samurai''. For a period of three months average posts to the list went from about 100 per month to over 400 per month.<br />
<br />
===Samurai Archives Citadel===<br />
<br />
In 2006, the Samurai History Delphi forum was permanently replaced by the new [http://forums.samurai-archives.com Samurai Archives Citadel]<ref>The name "Citadel" was inspired by the castle citadels from the computer game ''Shogun Total War''.</ref>. Over the years there had been numerous complaints about the difficulty and lack of features of the Delphi forum (however, it was also felt that this "difficulty of use" helped keep out the more disruptive elements who didn't want to take the time and trouble to sign up and interface with the Delphi forum), and so after an offer from forum member [[User:Kryo|Kryo]] to implement and host a new, modernized forum, the Citadel went online approximately May 4th, 2006. The new forum added features such as "ranks", post counts, and "avatars" that were not available on the delphi forum.<br />
<br />
===Samurai Archives Japanese History Forum===<br />
<br />
By 2015, the software for the Samurai Archives Citadel had become so outdated it would have required a major update to continue maintaining it as a viable forum. Additionally, all major email clients (in particular Gmail, Yahoo mail, and Hotmail) consistently rejected all forum activation emails as spam. Because of this no new members were easily able to create an account on the forum from about 2011 onwards. Because the forum was housed on the Samurai Archives server, all responsibility for its maintenance fell to the webmaster. It became untenable, so on march 4th, 2015 the forum was retired in favor of a forum hosted by Zetaboards. The subdomain forums.samurai-archives.com now redirects there, and the Samurai Archives Citadel forum can be found at forumarchive.samurai-archives.com.<br />
<br />
==History of the Sections of the Samurai Archives==<br />
<br />
===Original Sections===<br />
<br />
The original sections of the Samurai Archives for the most part included [http://www.samurai-archives.com/warrior.html Famous Samurai]<ref>The "famous Samurai" link on the homepage was directed to the [[:Category:Samurai|Samurai]] category on this Wiki in October, 2006.</ref>, and various timelines of the major periods of Japanese history. Early on, each timeline had its own link to the index page. Only later, during a major consolodation of the index page, would each time period be removed from the home page and added to an inclusive [http://www.samurai-archives.com/chronol.html Timelines] link. <br />
<br />
The "famous Samurai" section was originally (and always) meant to encompass Samurai from all periods of Japanese history, but as time went on, this section (along with the rest of the page) became more and more "Sengoku-centric" due mostly to the interest and specialization of the creators of the page. In point of fact, there was very little added from any other period of japanese history outside of the 14th and 16th centuries.<br />
<br />
Within the first month, a [http://www.samurai-archives.com/links.html links] page, a [http://www.samurai-archives.com/rec.html recommended reading] page, and a [http://www.samurai-archives.com/source.html sources]<ref>The "Sources" page was eventually removed from the index page because many of the sources were unfortunately not tracked.</ref> page was added.<br />
<br />
===Later sections===<br />
<br />
==History of the Samurai Archives index page format==<br />
<br />
The original format for the index page of the Samurai Archives was created to simulate a Japanese hanging wall scroll<ref>This had the added benefit of being a simple way to organize the page, as the creator, C. West, was essentially learning HMTL by working on the page.</ref>. <br />
<br />
In May, 2002, inspired by a [http://www.uboat.net German U-Boat website]<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20020524205024/http://www.uboat.net/ Uboat.net as archived on the Internet Archive, May '02]</ref>, the index page was rebuilt from the ground up to resemble the current format.<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Resource Articles]]</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=30716Main Page2015-03-09T22:03:10Z<p>Shogun: /* Mission Statement */</p>
<hr />
<div><table style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 250px; border: #900000 solid 1px"><br />
<tr><td><center>'''Current Top Categories'''</center><br />
----<br />
*[[:Category:Samurai|Samurai]]<br />
*[[:Category:Sengoku Period|The Sengoku Period]]<br />
*[[:Category:Timeline|Timeline]]<br />
*[[:Category:Clans|Clans]]<br />
*[[:Category:Shinsengumi|The Shinsengumi]]<br />
*[[:Category:Battles|Battles]]<br />
----<br />
<center>There are currently '''[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]]''' articles.<br />
----<br />
[[:Special:Newpages|Click Here]] for newest articles.<br />
</center></td></tr></table><br />
==Mission Statement==<br />
[[The Samurai Archives]] Wiki project is an attempt to create the most concise and detailed database of pre-20th century Japanese history on the internet. Although the SamuraiWiki is hosted on the Samurai Archives, this is a general resource intended for everyone interested in Japanese history. This wiki is in '''no way''' affiliated with Wikipedia.<br />
<br />
===Use of the SamuraiWiki===<br />
[[Image:Icon_Copyright.png|32px|left]]<br />
All of the entries and contributions herein are the property of this Wiki (except where otherwise noted), and are not to be used elsewhere without permission. '''Do not''' copy information from here to '''Wikipedia''' or any other webpage - this Wiki is not intended for use on Wikipedia or any other websites without the expressed permission of the owner of this website, or proper paraphrasing, quoting, and full citation. The webmasters of the Samurai Archives also agree that the information contained herein posted by other editors will not be republished in any other formats for monetary gain without permission of the author(s).<br />
<br />
===Becoming an Approved Editor===<br />
Because the SamuraiWiki's purpose is to create a high quality research database for pre-20th century Japanese history, new members do not have editing privileges. ''This wiki is closed to new editors until further notice.''<br />
<br />
And remember, '''it is not necessary to sign up to read the articles'''. Only to '''edit''' them.<br />
<br />
==Use for Research==<br />
===Note to Students and Professors===<br />
Citing sources for the articles on the SamuraiWiki is considered top priority. The purpose of the SamuraiWiki is to assist in research for any and all interested readers. As such, verifiable sources are listed on all of the articles, and those sources will be a good place to continue your research. Because only approved editors are allowed to add information to this website, we make it our priority to verify all of the information added with reliable published sources.<br />
<br />
For articles recently moved over from the Samurai Archives Sengoku Biographical dictionary, the sources are slowly being added, however the full source list can be found [http://www.samurai-archives.com/dictionary/dictnotes.html at the bottom of this page]. <br />
<br />
It is always highly advised when doing research that you don't rely exclusively on the text here, but also go to the sources listed. Although we try our utmost to utilize only reliable sources, it is always in the best interest of the student to follow up any research here with the original sources of each article.<br />
<br />
{{:SamuraiWiki:About dates}}<br />
<br />
== Editing Wiki Articles (Important) ==<br />
Before editing the SamuraiWiki, it is imperative that you read the [[SamuraiWiki:Help|Help Section]].<br />
<br />
== Searching the SamuraiWiki ==<br />
{{SamuraiWiki:Searching}}</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=SamuraiWiki:About_dates&diff=30715SamuraiWiki:About dates2015-03-09T22:00:05Z<p>Shogun: /* Article "Data" Headings */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Use of Dates on the SamuraiWiki==<br />
Until 1873, Japan used a [[Japanese calendar|lunar calendar]], either the Chinese calendar or a close relative. The dates in this calendar are about three to seven weeks after the corresponding Western (Gregorian) date, depending on the year. Almost all source material uses this calendar for events in Japan before 1873, as do Japanese historians. Therefore all dates, unless otherwise noted, are the Japanese equivalent (the lunar calendar). However, the Western date will also generally be listed for events taking place between Commodore Perry's arrival in Japan in 1853 until the Japanese calendar was changed to the Western Gregorian calendar in 1873, or in the years before this if it is pertinent to the article in question. It will also be used for events prior to this when applicable, namely when Westerners were involved in the events of Japanese history during the Sengoku and early Edo period, or for historical events that are covered in English treatments of Japanese history (For example, the [[battle of Nagashino]], the [[battle of Sekigahara]], etc.) When the Western date is also applicable, it will be noted in various ways.<br />
<br />
===Article "Date" Headings===<br />
Dates listed in the data sections at the top of the articles which benefit from the notation of the Western dates are seen as follows:<br />
* Birth: 1848/5/20 ''(6/20/1848)''<br />
This indicates that the person in question was born on the Japanese date of 5/20 in the year 1848, which corresponds to the Western date of June 20th of the same year.<br />
<br />
===In-Text Format===<br />
<br />
The standard for date listings in text are to write out the day, month, and year:<br />
<br />
* The 20th day of the 5th month (of 1848)<br />
Depending on context or flow of the text, 1848/5/20 or 5/20/1848 are also acceptable. Unless there is a second date in parenthesis, the dates listed are understood to be the Japanese equivalent.<br />
<br />
===In-Text Examples===<br />
<br />
Examples of the Japanese calendar followed by the Western calendar are as follows:<br />
<br />
* 1867/6/14 (7/15/1867) <br />
* The 14th day of the sixth month (July 15th)<br />
* The 14th day of the sixth month, 1867 (July 15th, 1867)<br />
* The 14th day of the sixth month of the third year of Keio (1867) (July 15th, 1867)<br />
* The 14th day of the sixth month of Keio 3 (1867) (July 15th, 1867)<br />
* The 14th day of the sixth month, 1867 (7/15/1867)<br />
<br />
And so on. In all cases, the Japanese lunar calendar comes first, followed by the Western date.<br />
<br />
===Intercalary Dates===<br />
In the Chinese-type lunar calendar, about every two years and eight months an extra month, i.e. a "leap month" or intercalary month, is inserted to keep the lunar calendar from becoming too separated from the seasons. This extra month is indicated on the SamuraiWiki by "[[Intercalary months|int.]]" For example, the third month of 1599 (1599/3) was followed by the intercalary third month (1599/int. 3), followed by the fourth month (1599/4).</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=S-A_Recent_Updates&diff=27958S-A Recent Updates2014-07-12T05:51:08Z<p>Shogun: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Recent Updates to the Samurai Archives Japanese History Page.'''<br />
<br />
* ''07/11/2014''<br />
** Updated link to Ancient Japan Blog.<br />
* ''06/03/2012''<br />
** Added [http://samuraiarchives.podbean.com Samurai Archives Podcast] rotating image to main page.<br />
* ''04/13/2011''<br />
** Added link to the [http://samuraiarchives.podbean.com Samurai Archives Podcast] to main page.<br />
* ''03/16/2011''<br />
** Added Twitter app to main page.<br />
* ''12/23/2010''<br />
** Added link to [http://www.japanese-castle-explorer.com/map.html Japanese Castle Explorer].<br />
* ''11/14/2010''<br />
** Added link to the [http://shogun-yashiki.blogspot.com/p/interviews.html Samurai Archives Interview series].<br />
* ''07/04/2010'' <br />
** Added [http://www.samurai-archives.com/sai.html Historically Speaking: The Hermit Poet Known by Emperors and Shoguns] to the [http://www.samurai-archives.com/guestart.html Featured Articles] section.<br />
* ''06/05/2010'' <br />
** Added links to the 2009 Samurai Fiction Contest entries to the [http://www.samurai-archives.com/guestart.html Featured Articles] section.<br />
* ''05/28/2010'' <br />
** Added link to the new [http://twitter.com/samuraiarchives Samurai Archives Twitter account].<br />
* ''03/27/2010'' <br />
** Added [http://www.samurai-archives.com/bdij.html The Rise of Buddhism in Politics and War] to the [http://www.samurai-archives.com/guestart.html Featured Articles] section.<br />
<br />
For prior update history, please see the [http://www.samurai-archives.com/update.html Update Archive].</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Sidebar&diff=24479MediaWiki:Sidebar2013-06-15T17:48:44Z<p>Shogun: updated blog links</p>
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** http://www.samuraipodcast.com|S-A History Podcast<br />
** http://www.facebook.com/pages/Samurai-Archives/104533213984|S-A on Facebook<br />
** http://www.twitter.com/samuraiarchives|S-A on Twitter<br />
** http://forums.samurai-archives.com|S-A Forums<br />
** http://groups.yahoo.com/group/samuraihistory/|S-A Yahoo Group<br />
** http://www.theshogunshouse.com/|S-A Blog<br />
** http://www.cafepress.com/samuraiarchives|S-A Store<br />
** http://astore.amazon.com/samurai-20|S-A Bookstore</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=The_Samurai_Archives&diff=22230The Samurai Archives2012-06-05T15:58:23Z<p>Shogun: /* The Title Banners */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Origin of the Samurai Archives==<br />
<br />
Starting sometime in late August or Early September 1999, the Samurai Archives Japanese history page was developed by C.E. West and F.W. Seal. R. Noelle, a friend of West's, was trying his hand at running a web server over his cable internet connection from his apartment, and offered to host a website. West, remembering the utter lack of useful internet sources on Japanese history during his thesis on Oda Nobunaga in 1997, thought that a Japanese history website would be a neat idea. At the time, Seal was more interested in WWII history, and declined for a time, but soon came around, diving in with a vengeance, as Japanese history was a long time interest of his. Seal wrote the bulk of the original biographies, much of this work done during the year 2000. The first handful of slim biographies that were uploaded to the website were taken from notes originally researched by C.E. West during the summer of 1998 during slow periods at work while he was working for Maui Divers in Honolulu, HI. Most of this initial research came from [[Warrior Rule in Japan]] by Marius Jensen.<br />
<br />
==The Original Plan==<br />
<br />
The website itself was not planned out per se - the unconscious intent was to just keep putting up information until there was just so much there, it would meld into a cohesive whole. That never really happened, and it eventually became more of a "Sengoku History" page, rather than an all encompassing Japanese history page. The somewhat naive assumption was that as the page grew, interest would grow as well, and we would find contributors eager to help build the page - in essence, the original thought was the same concept of a Wiki, however, at that time the software didn't exist, or if it did, we were not aware of it. Unfortunately, this concept never really came to fruition until the "[http://www.samurai-archives.com/guestart.html Guest Articles]" section was christened with the first article, ''[http://www.samurai-archives.com/KabArt.html Kawari Kabuto and the Great Warlords of the "Sengoku"]'' by Augie Rodriguez in October, 2000. The section name was later changed to "Featured Articles" in mid 2002, and at this time articles by F.W.Seal were moved there from the "Culture" and "General History" sections, to give it a more integrated feel to the rest of the website. Even then, it wasn't until the addition of the Samurai Wiki in August of 2006 that the true potential and intent of this website could be reached.<br />
<br />
==The URLs==<br />
<br />
The Samurai Archives has been through a few URLs over the years. The original URL was essentially an IP address followed by ~kitsuno while it was hosted on R. Noelle's home server. <br />
<br />
===The First URL===<br />
<br />
A few months after the initial IP address URL, the URL was changed to <nowiki>http://www.techjapanese.com/~samurai/index.html</nowiki>.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.techjapanese.com/~samurai/index.html The TechJapanese website as logged on the Internet Archive]</ref> TechJapanese.com was R. Noelle's original website, which is no longer in use. At this time, it was still on his home server, and any time there was a power outage, the site would go down until he turned his computer back on.<br />
<br />
===The Big Crash===<br />
<br />
Because the traffic was getting to be too much, the website was moved from R. Noelle's home computer server to a free online host at <nowiki>http://samurai.bigsitecity.com/</nowiki> <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://samurai.bigsitecity.com The Bigsitecity website as logged on the Internet Archive]</ref> sometime in 2000. It was hosted there until the host server mysteriously crashed without warning in late July or early August of 2001.<ref>Further research shows that what had actually happened was that the domain name bigsitecity.com expired at this time and was not renewed by the original holder.</ref> Because some images were not backed up, there was some irretrievable losses, including some clan kamon and genealogy images. Other lost images were fortunately saved by some forum members who had saved them to thier computer. Repeated attempts to contact the host (bigsitecity.com)<ref>It seems that bigsitecity.com, if it still exists, is now mainly a host for prolific spammers. ''(see this [http://spamhuntress.com/wiki/Bigsitecity.com Wikipedia article] for details)''</ref> got us nowhere, but since it was a free hosting site, there was not much we could do, so we moved yet again.<br />
<br />
===Angelfire to Samurai-Archives.com===<br />
<br />
The next URL was http://www.angelfire.com/realm/kitsuno01/.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.angelfire.com/realm/kitsuno01/ The Angelfire website as logged on the Internet Archive]</ref> The Samurai Archives stayed there until the domain name "samurai-archives.com" was purchased in June, 2002. West arbitrarily opted for the hyphen, and went with .com because he felt it gave it a more official feel than .net or .org. The new website was set up with the hosting company called [http://www.hostway.com Hostway] in early December, 2002.<br />
<br />
The website stayed with Hostway until August, 2006, when the size of the Samurai Archives and amount of traffic warranted a move away from Hostway to a far more competitive company, with approximately 18 times more available webspace, better features, and more reasonable prices.<br />
<br />
==The Title Banners==<br />
<table style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 225px; border: #FFFFFF solid 1px"><br />
<tr><td>[[Image:SA1.jpg|225px|thumb|left|The original title banner]]<br />
[[Image:SA2.jpg|225px|thumb|right|The second banner, implemented in 2001.]]</td></tr></table><br />
<br />
So far, only 3 title banners have been used on the Samurai Archives Japanese history page. The Background photo on the original banner is of Ginkakuji, taken by C.West. <br />
<br />
The image on the second banner is from a still of a battle scene in the [[NHK Taiga Drama]] "Hideyoshi", from the late 1990's starring Takenaka Naoto as [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]]. The third banner was a more simple and straightforward style, including the Japanese kanji for "Samurai". Currently the title of the page is in text, without an image.<br />
<br />
==The Forums==<br />
<br />
After the webpage was established and things progressed, C.E. West decided to create a forum, hoping to attract people to the concept of the webpage. <br />
<br />
===The First Forum===<br />
<br />
On Christmas day, 1999, at approximately 10AM PST, the [http://forums.delphiforums.com/samuraihistory/start Samurai History forum] was founded at Delphi Forums. The forum slowly caught on, attracting people from other Delphi forums.<br />
<br />
By the time the new [http://forums.samurai-archives.com Samurai Archives Citadel] forum replaced it in 2006, the Delphi forum was fully entrenched and established as a major Japanese history forum on the internet with over 30,000 posts.<br />
<br />
====Flame War====<br />
<br />
Although things started out solid, with very high quality discussions, sometime in late 2000 or very early 2001, a flame war errupted over multiple inane topics, including the inappropriateness of people in the USA selling T-shirts with clan Kamon on them, the "inability" of westerners to "understand" the Japanese or Japanese history, and theories about the possibility of intermarriage between related families within the line of Japanese emperors. The war was spurred and aggrivated by two particularly bellicose forum goers, and in the resulting explosion most of the members were lost. Few remain today who remember the heady and wild early days of the forum. Most current members joined in 2001 or later.<br />
<br />
Unfortunately the forum strings related to the warfare of 2000 were eliminated, and thus lost to history<ref>All flame war related posts were deleted by the moderators in an effort to end further conflict and return the forum to some semblance of normalcy. This decision would come back to haunt them nearly six months later, when C. West and F. Seal ran into both of the agitators on a (now defunct) Delphi Japanese culture forum, and the two agitators yet again began hurling accusations.</ref>.<br />
<br />
===Yahoo Group===<br />
<br />
In an attempt to give people another option for dialogue and discussion, the [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/samuraihistory/ Samurai History Yahoo Group] was created in September, 2000. The theory here was that some people might prefer an email group rather than a forum to communicate, so it was decided to create a yahoo group to supplement the Delphi forum. The Yahoo group has proven over the years to attract a larger pool of members, however the conversations tends to ebb and flow, with long periods of "down time" interspersed with periods of intense activity. An example of this was the time surrounding the release of the Tom Cruise movie ''The Last Samurai''. For a period of three months average posts to the list went from about 100 per month to over 400 per month.<br />
<br />
===Samurai Archives Citadel===<br />
<br />
In 2006, the Samurai History Delphi forum was permanently replaced by the new [http://forums.samurai-archives.com Samurai Archives Citadel]<ref>The name "Citadel" was inspired by the castle citadels from the computer game ''Shogun Total War''.</ref>. Over the years there had been numerous complaints about the difficulty and lack of features of the Delphi forum (however, it was also felt that this "difficulty of use" helped keep out the more disruptive elements who didn't want to take the time and trouble to sign up and interface with the Delphi forum), and so after an offer from forum member [[User:Kryo|Kryo]] to implement and host a new, modernized forum, the Citadel went online approximately May 4th, 2006. The new forum added features such as "ranks", post counts, and "avatars" that were not available on the delphi forum.<br />
<br />
==History of the Sections of the Samurai Archives==<br />
<br />
===Original Sections===<br />
<br />
The original sections of the Samurai Archives for the most part included [http://www.samurai-archives.com/warrior.html Famous Samurai]<ref>The "famous Samurai" link on the homepage was directed to the [[:Category:Samurai|Samurai]] category on this Wiki in October, 2006.</ref>, and various timelines of the major periods of Japanese history. Early on, each timeline had its own link to the index page. Only later, during a major consolodation of the index page, would each time period be removed from the home page and added to an inclusive [http://www.samurai-archives.com/chronol.html Timelines] link. <br />
<br />
The "famous Samurai" section was originally (and always) meant to encompass Samurai from all periods of Japanese history, but as time went on, this section (along with the rest of the page) became more and more "Sengoku-centric" due mostly to the interest and specialization of the creators of the page. In point of fact, there was very little added from any other period of japanese history outside of the 14th and 16th centuries.<br />
<br />
Within the first month, a [http://www.samurai-archives.com/links.html links] page, a [http://www.samurai-archives.com/rec.html recommended reading] page, and a [http://www.samurai-archives.com/source.html sources]<ref>The "Sources" page was eventually removed from the index page because many of the sources were unfortunately not tracked.</ref> page was added.<br />
<br />
===Later sections===<br />
<br />
==History of the Samurai Archives index page format==<br />
<br />
The original format for the index page of the Samurai Archives was created to simulate a Japanese hanging wall scroll<ref>This had the added benefit of being a simple way to organize the page, as the creator, C. West, was essentially learning HMTL by working on the page.</ref>. <br />
<br />
In May, 2002, inspired by a [http://www.uboat.net German U-Boat website]<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20020524205024/http://www.uboat.net/ Uboat.net as archived on the Internet Archive, May '02]</ref>, the index page was rebuilt from the ground up to resemble the current format.<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Resource Articles]]</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=S-A_Recent_Updates&diff=22224S-A Recent Updates2012-06-03T19:06:26Z<p>Shogun: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Recent Updates to the Samurai Archives Japanese History Page.'''<br />
<br />
* ''06/03/2012''<br />
** Added [http://samuraiarchives.podbean.com Samurai Archives Podcast] rotating image to main page.<br />
* ''04/13/2011''<br />
** Added link to the [http://samuraiarchives.podbean.com Samurai Archives Podcast] to main page.<br />
* ''03/16/2011''<br />
** Added Twitter app to main page.<br />
* ''12/23/2010''<br />
** Added link to [http://www.japanese-castle-explorer.com/map.html Japanese Castle Explorer].<br />
* ''11/14/2010''<br />
** Added link to the [http://shogun-yashiki.blogspot.com/p/interviews.html Samurai Archives Interview series].<br />
* ''07/04/2010'' <br />
** Added [http://www.samurai-archives.com/sai.html Historically Speaking: The Hermit Poet Known by Emperors and Shoguns] to the [http://www.samurai-archives.com/guestart.html Featured Articles] section.<br />
* ''06/05/2010'' <br />
** Added links to the 2009 Samurai Fiction Contest entries to the [http://www.samurai-archives.com/guestart.html Featured Articles] section.<br />
* ''05/28/2010'' <br />
** Added link to the new [http://twitter.com/samuraiarchives Samurai Archives Twitter account].<br />
* ''03/27/2010'' <br />
** Added [http://www.samurai-archives.com/bdij.html The Rise of Buddhism in Politics and War] to the [http://www.samurai-archives.com/guestart.html Featured Articles] section.<br />
<br />
For prior update history, please see the [http://www.samurai-archives.com/update.html Update Archive].</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=Takeda_Shingen&diff=22128Takeda Shingen2012-05-24T16:55:01Z<p>Shogun: /* The Tiger of Kai */</p>
<hr />
<div>* ''Born: [[1521]]''<br />
* ''Died: [[1573]]/4/12''<br />
* ''Title: Daizen-Daibu''<br />
* ''childhood name ([[Yomei|Yômei]]): Katsuchiyo''<br />
* ''Sons: [[Takeda Yoshinobu]], [[Unno Nobuchika]], [[Takeda Nobuyuki]], [[Takeda Katsuyori]], [[Nishina Morinobu]], [[Katsurayama Nobusada]], [[Yasuda Nobukiyo]]''<br />
* ''Other Name: Takeda Harunobu''<br />
* ''Japanese'': [[武田]] 信玄 ''(Takeda Shingen)''<br />
<br />
<br />
==The Tiger of Kai==<br />
[[Image:Takeda_shingen.gif||thumb|left|The most famous portrait of Takeda Shingen, the authenticity of which has been questioned. Certain scholars have suggested that this was in fact a painting of a Hatakeyama lord from Noto province.]]<br />
Takeda Shingen was the eldest son of the aggressive warlord [[Takeda Nobutora]] ([[1493]]-1573).<ref>The Takeda clan had been powerful in Kai from the 12th Century, when Takeda Nobuyoshi (a grandson of Minamoto Yoshiie's brother Yoshimitsu, 1138-1186) had sided with Minamoto Yoritomo during the Gempei War. The Takeda's power had increased in the Ashikaga era, and branches became strong in Aki and Wakasa, as well as Kai. Mori Motonari eventually defeated the Aki branch in 1540; the Wakasa Takeda became vassals of the Asakura by 1560 and faded from history. <br />
</ref>Takeda Nobutora had secured the position of the Takeda in [[Kai province|Kai]] after various struggles and established the Takeda capital at [[Tsutsujigasaki yakata|Tsutsujigasaki]] in Fuchu in [[1519]]. In the course of his career Nobutora clashed with various outside powers, including the Hôjô of [[Sagami province|Sagami Province]], the Imagawa of [[Suruga province|Suruga Province]] and the [[Suwa clan|Suwa]] and [[Imai clan|Imai]] of [[Shinano province|Shinano Province]]. In 1521, Nobutora was compelled to fend off an invasion from Suruga led by [[Kushima Masanari]] in support of the [[Oi clan|Ôi]] family, who had defied Nobutora's authority. Nobutora sent his pregnant wife, the daughter of Oi Nobusato, from the Tsutsujigaseki mansion to [[Yogaiyama castle]] [要害山城]. Word came to Nobutora, commanding his army against Kushima's 15,000-man host, that a son had been born. Nobutora defeated Masanari at the [[Battle of Iidagawara]] and afterwards named his son Katsuchiyo.<ref>Katsuchiyo can be translated as '1000 Victories in Succession', or, as Hiroaki Sato does in Legends of the Samurai, 'Victory Forever'.</ref> <br />
<br />
In 1533, Nobutora arranged for him to marry the daughter of [[Uesugi Tomooki|Ôgigayatsu-Uesugi Tomooki]], who still held considerable lands in the [[Kanto]]. The girl died attempting to deliver Katsuchiyo's first child, however. By this time Nobutora was at odds with both the Imagawa and Hôjô families and they were pressing him on his southern borders. He was lucky in that [[Imagawa Ujichika]] died suddenly and a struggle for power ensued amongst his brothers. Nobutora backed [[Imagawa Yoshimoto|Yoshimoto]], the eventual victor, and in the aftermath married a daughter to him. In return, Yoshimoto acted as a go-between to arrange for the marriage of Katsuchiyo and the daughter of court noble [[Sanjo Kimiyori]]. Katsuchiyo celebrated his coming-of-age ceremony later that year and the shôgun, [[Ashikaga Yoshiharu]], sent permission for Katsuchiyo to incorporate 'Haru' in his adult name, and Katsuchiyo thus became known as Harunobu. He was also given the honorific title Shinano no Kami. Despite this memorable coming of age ceremony, it would seem that Nobutora took a disliking to Harunobu in favor of his second son, Takeda Nobushige. The reasons for this are not clear, and this part of Shingen's life has been heavily embellished over the centuries. <br />
<br />
Harunobu is thought to have seen his first campaign in [[1536]], when his father led an army against [[Hiraga Genshin]] of Shinano Province. He surrounded and attacked Genshin's Umi no kuchi Castle [海ノ口城] but found the defenders unwilling to give and withdrew with the onset of heavy winter snows. According to tradition, Harunobu, commanding the rearguard, decided to double back and launch a surprise attack. This took the seemingly victorious Hiraga men by surprise and the battle went to the Takeda. Whether or not this particular version of events has any basis in fact, Hiraga was defeated and killed in the 2nd month of [[1537]].<br />
<br />
The events leading up to the expulsion of Nobutora from Kai are entirely murky, with the Imagawa figuring into the controversy, possibly as agitators. It would appear that Nobutora planned to name his second son Nobushige heir, and perhaps ship Harunobu off to the Imagawa clan in Suruga (for adoption?). For years, Harunobu had been under the guardianship of [[Obu Toramasa]], a tough warrior who may well have been at the center of what transpired next. In [[1541]] Harunobu suddenly rebelled, supported by a great many of his father's retainers. Nobutora submitted with little bloodshed and Harunobu exiled his father to Suruga. In this act he had the aid of the top Takeda retainers, many of whom held personal grudges against Nobutora or at least saw some gain in assisting the young usurper to power. Nobushige, for his part, seems to have borne his brother no ill will, and became a valued retainer. Sources conflict on what the exact events where which led to the replacement of Nobuhide with Harunobu. One version of events is that in the 5th month of 1541, Nobutora and Harunobu went on a campaign together to attack [[Unno Munetsuna]] in [[Shinano province]], joined by the Suwa and the [[Murakami clan|Murakami]]. Unno Munetsuna lost and fled the province, and by the 4th day of the 6th month, they were on their way back to Kai. However, on the 10th day of their trip back to Kai province, Harunobu suddenly rebelled in a coup supported by his ashigaru and retainers, forcing Nobutora to flee to [[Suruga province]], and in to the care of his daughter's husband, [[Imagawa Yoshimoto]]. This generally follows the Koyogunkan, which essentialy states that Harunobu uncovered a plot by Nobutora to dispose of him and eventually give control of the Takeda clan to his younger brother, Nobushige. According to the Koyogunkan, Harunobu and loyal vassals drove Nobutora out of Kai province into Suruga. Another version of events states that during the 6th month of 1541, Harunobu and Nobutora travelled to Suruga province to visit upon Nobutora's son in law, Imagawa Yoshimoto. Little did Nobutora know, Shingen and Yoshimoto had a secret agreement, and upon arrival, Nobutora was forcibly retired to Suruga castle, and his son Harunobu was given control of the Takeda clan. Although what really happened is not clear, historians seem to be in agreement that Imagawa Yoshimoto had a hand in the removal of Nobutora. Regardless, Harunobu took control of the clan in what is often specifically cited as a 'bloodless coup'. <br />
[[Image:Takeda_mon.jpg||thumb|right|The Takeda mon.]]<br />
Harunobu's chief ambition was the subjugation of Shinano but resistance in that quarter would prove fierce. A number of Shinano warlords, including [[Murakami Yoshikiyo]] ([[1510]]-[[1573]]), [[Ogasawara Nagatoki]] ([[1519]]-[[1583]]), [[Suwa Yorishige]] (? –[[1542]]), and [[Kiso Yoshiyasu]], made a move designed to hopefully nip any further Takeda aggression in the bud. In April 1542 the four daimyo combined forces and marched to the border of Kai, encouraged by news that Harunobu was strengthening his defenses and preparing to make a stand in [[Fuchu]]. In fact, Harunobu's activities had been a ruse - far from waiting passively in Kai, Harunobu led his men out and caught the Shinano warriors by surprise, defeating them at Sezawa. Emboldened by the results of Sezawa, Harunobu made a drive into Shinano later that same year, focusing on the territory of the Suwa clan. He first took Uehara in a surprise attack and then moved on to the Suwa headquarters at Kuwahara, located 2 kilometers to the east. Caught completely off-balance, Suwa Yorishige had little choice but to surrender when Harunobu made a promise of safe conduct. Yorishige and his brother were taken to Kai where the Takeda general [[Itagaki Nobutaka]] arranged for their deaths; both Suwa were either made to commit suicide or were murdered outright. <br />
<br />
Harunobu, with the aid of [[Yamamoto Kansuke]]'s strategies, further expanded his territory through the defeat of both [[Tozawa Yorichika]] ([[1542]]) and [[Takato Yoritsugu]] of central Shinano ([[1544]]-[[1545|45]]). The acquisition of [[Takato castle]] was of particular value, as it provided a secure staging area into southern Shinano, as well as a buffer against any southern aggression. In 1544 the Takeda marched into Suruga in support of the Imagawa and faced Hojo Ujiyasu. No actual fighting occurred as a result of this confrontation, and later Harunobu was compelled to arrange for a peace treaty between the Hojo, Imagawa, and himself due to his wars in Shinano. Over the next decade Harunobu kept up a relentless pressure on the Shinano warlords. Only at Uehara would he be checked, if only briefly. In [[1548]] [[Murakami Yoshikiyo]], perhaps the most formidable of Harunobu's Shinano enemies, moved on Ueda and defeated the Takeda in a bitter clash which saw the use (on the part of the Murakami) of a number of Chinese arquebuses, the first such weapons ever deployed in a Japanese battle. While the defeat at Uehara left two of his best generals dead, Harunobu rebounded quickly, and by [[1552]] the Murakami and Ogasawara clans had fled Shinano outright to Echigo.<ref>The fallen generals in question were Amari Torayasu and Itagaki Nobutaka, both of whom were considered first-rate retainers by the Takeda clan. Shingen managed to score a counter-victory against the Ogasawara at Shiojiritoge the same year that restored the initiative to the Takeda.</ref><br />
<br />
In [[1551]], Harunobu had adopted the name Shingen and a monk's habit, adding even more color to this up-and-coming Sengoku warlord, who was already known for his taste for women, penetrating judgment, skill at calligraphy, and wise government. Perhaps all that was now required was a great rival. This came, too, in the form of Uesugi Terutora of Echigo - the famed Kenshin. <br />
[[Image:Takeda_shingen2.jpg||thumb|left|Another view of Takeda Shingen, by artist [[Utagawa Kuniyoshi]]]]<br />
According to tradition, the defeated Murakami and Ogasawara presented themselves before Terutora and protested Shingen's aggressions. Terutora, uneasy at Shingen's northern expansion and obligated to the two refugees, took the field. That Murakami figures into the Uesugi's roll even many years later gives some substance to this belief, and, certainly, Terutora had reason to worry about Echigo's borders. In June and October [[1553]] The Takeda and Uesugi armies clashed near the Kawanakajima plain in northern Shinano, and while the two sides withdrew after a few rounds of inconclusive skirmishing, a legend was born. In total, the Takeda and Uesugi would face each other at the Kawanakajima five times ([[1554]], [[1555]], [[1557]], [[1561]], [[1564]]) and while not exactly the nearly annual staring matches as they are sometimes portrayed, only the 4th (1561) resulted in an all-out contest.<ref>Shingen also had to keep an eye on both the Imagawa and Hôjô clans to his south and southeast, which no doubt contributed to the caution he generally displayed when facing Kenshin at Kawanakajima. During the 1550's the Takeda, Imagawa, and Hôjô became involved in a series of alliances and counter-alliances that occasionally resulted in minor forays into one another's territory. These almost always came to an end when the clan that happened to hold third-party status at the time declared for the attacked, thus maintaining he balance.</ref> In that engagement, both sides suffered heavy losses and while not individually decisive, those losses no doubt slowed both warlords down for some years. In particular, Shingen must have felt the loss of Nobushige and [[Yamamoto Kansuke]], both killed in action at the battle. <br />
<br />
Internally, the Takeda suffered two grim moments within the span of five years. In [[1560]] Shingen had uncovered a plot against him led by his cousin [[Katanuma Nobumoto]], whom he ordered put to death. In [[1565]], another plot came to light - this one headed by his own son Yoshinobu and [[Obu Toramasa]]. Tormasa was made to commit suicide, while Yoshinobu was confined to the Tokoji. Two years later Yoshinbou died, either from illness or, as many believe, because Shingen had forced him to commit suicide. The event left Shingen heirless for the time being and the Takeda retainers uneasy.<br />
<br />
By [[1564]], Shingen had subdued all of Shinano and shifted his attention to Kozuke, where he took a number of castles from the Uesugi.<ref>These included Kuragano (1565) and Minowa (1566). The latter was taken from the Nagano family and provided a starting point for the career of [[Kamiizumi Hidetsuna]], who declined a personal invitation by Shingen to join the Takeda. He did accept the character 'Nobu' from Shingen's name and went off to become legendary as the swordsman Kamiizumi Nobutsuna.</ref> For the next five years, he limited himself to raids and local conquests (including land grabs in mountainous [[Hida province]]), concentrating on internal affairs. In the 1560's, Shingen's greatest achievement was the Fuji River damming project, the largest and most ambitious of his many innovative domestic endeavors. The benefit of the Fuji River project far-outlived its mastermind, and is ranked as one of the greatest domestic initiatives of the 16th Century.<br />
<br />
==The Takeda expand==<br />
<br />
[[Image:TakedaDomain.jpg|225px|thumb|right|The Takeda domain in 1569 ('''[http://img141.imageshack.us/img141/6192/takeda2ot2.jpg CLICK HERE]''' for full size version of this map.)]]By 1568, the Takeda army was on the move again, this time to the south against the faltering Imagawa. The daimyo of that clan was Ujizane, the incompetent son of the late Imagawa Yoshimoto (killed in 1560 by [[Oda Nobunaga]]), whose political ineptness had already cost the Imagawa their Matsudaira (Tokugawa) vassals and Mikawa province. Years before, Shingen's son Yoshinobu had married Ujizane's sister but after the suicide of the former in [[1567]], relations between the families had grown sour. It would appear that Shingen and Tokugawa Ieyasu struck up a deal whereby the two would split up the Imagawa's remaining lands (Totomi and Suruga), an agreement that in the event quickly fell through. In addition, the Hojo of Sagami took a dim view to this shift in the balance of power, and sent troops to defy Shingen, which they did with varying degrees of success for a year or so. In [[1569]] Shingen responded by invading Sagami and besieging Odawara (the Hojo's capital). While this effort was quite short-lived (lasting around a week), the Takeda army did manage to crush an attempt at an ambush by the Hojo at Mimasetoge on their way back to Kai. <br />
[[Image:Takeda_domain.jpg||thumb|left|The Takeda domain in 1572.]]<br />
Thus, in [[1570]], the Takeda's lands now included Kai, Shinano, Suruga, and pieces of Kozuke, Totomi, and Hida. Shingen, at 49, was something more than a regional power - he was the most important warlord east of Mino, and the one who was in a position to derail Oda Nobunaga's march to national hegemony. Shingen alone possessed the strategic position, the generalship, and the solid retainer band necessary. In 1570, the formidable Hojo Ujiyasu died and his heir, Ujimasa, quickly made peace with Shingen, an act that might have all but assured the ultimate destruction of Tokugawa Ieyasu had not Shingen died in 1573.<ref>Conflict with Tokugawa Ieyasu began soon after Takeda consolidated his hold on Suruga, and was exacerbated when Ieyasu moved his headquarters to Hamamatsu in Tôtômi in 1570. Shingen considered this a provocative move, and even Nobunaga urged his impetuous ally to shift his standard back to Mikawa. Tokugawa, far from pulling back, opened up talks with Uesugi Kenshin, inflaming the situation even more and providing the Takeda with ample excuses to attack.</ref> In the meantime, the Takeda and Oda, after an abortive diplomatic courtship designed to check the Uesugi, initiated a war of words, possibly with the shogun, Ashikaga Yoshiaki, at the center of the storm. Shingen stepped up the pressure against Tokugawa, and in [[1572]] launched an attack into Totomi that resulted in the capture of Futamata. The following January, Shingen returned to the province and enticed Tokugawa Ieyasu to come out and fight. The [[Battle of Mikatagahara]], conducted on 6 January to the north of Hamamatsu, ended in a near-complete defeat for Ieyasu (and the allied Oda troops present).<ref>The Battle of Mikatagahara left 1,180 of Tokugawa's men dead while the Takeda lost somewhat less then 400. The majority of Takeda's losses came about as the result of a bold raid ordered that same night by Tokugawa and led by Okubo Tadayo and Amano Yasukage. This action is sometimes known as the Battle of Saigadake. The Oda men present were under the command of Takigawa Kazumasu, Hirade Norihide, and Sakuma Nobumori - of these only Hirade, who was killed, stood before the Takeda onslaught. This battle has sometimes been recorded as occuring in December of 1572; this does not account, however, for the difference in the Japanese lunar calender.</ref><br />
<br />
Though often presented as the opening moves in a march on Kyôto, Shingen's intentions were no doubt more conservative. He probably aimed to test the responses of both Ieyasu and Nobunaga and deal the two a defeat if possible. Either way, within days of winning the battle, he received news that Asakura Yoshikage had elected not to take the field against Nobunaga at this time. Shingen is reported to have been displeased, and might have counted on Yoshikage - and [[Asai Nagamasa]] - to keep Nobunaga preoccupied. This may have played a role in his decision to strike camp and return to Kai - thus granting the bloodied Tokugawa a reprieve.<br />
<br />
==The Death of Shingen==<br />
<br />
Unfortunately, time ran out on the man who had come to epitomize the best and, in some ways, the worst qualities of the Sengoku warlord. In 1573, while laying siege to [[Noda castle]] in Mikawa, Shingen fell ill. A popular tradition holds that a defending sniper shot him. However, the [[Koyo Gunkan]] mentions that Shingen had been ill and records, ''On the 11th day of the 4th month around 1pm, Lord Shingen's condition took a turn for the worst. His pulse became extremely rapid. On the night of the 12th, approximately 9pm, he developed an [abscess/rash] in his mouth, and 5 or 6 of his teeth fell out. He gradually weakened.''<ref>the [[Koyo Gunkan]] gives no indication that Shingen was ever wounded by a sniper at Noda castle.</ref>. <br />
Isogai Masayoshi's ''Takeda Shingen'', Kobayashi Keiichiro's ''Takeda Gunki'', and other modern works on Shingen dismiss the sniper story, pointing out that only Tokugawa records make any mention of a sniper and that Shingen had been ill for some time prior to his death, which in any event occurred a full two months after Noda. Interestingly, Shingen had given up eating meat as a show of religious piety around 1563 but began eating fish and poultry again around the time of Noda for his health. The sniper version of events, made famous by Akira Kurosawa's film ''Kagemusha'', holds that he was drawn close to the walls of the castle to listen to a defender playing a flute to raise the morale of his comrades. However, this is strongly reminiscent of the death of [[Amako Masahisa]], the difference being that Masahisa was the flute player playing for the benefit of his men. A defending archer guessed where he seated in the dark, let fly, and killed him. It seems possible-even probable-that this story was adopted and adapted for the romantic death of Shingen, a death the Tokugawa could then claim credit for.<br />
<br />
He died at Komanba in Shinano on the night of the 12th day of the 4th month of 1573, to be succeeded by his fourth son, [[Takeda Katsuyori]]. <br />
<br />
Shingen had been a warlord of great domestic skill and competent military leadership. He was a complicated figure, at times utterly cruel. Earlier in his life, he had forced [[Suwa Yorishige]] to commit suicide (or had him murdered) after the two warlords had signed a peace treaty, and then proceeded to take Suwa's daughter as a mistress, ignoring the fact that she was technically his own niece. In [[1565]], as mentioned above, he ordered his own son, Yoshinobu, confined to a temple and evidently made him commit suicide for treasonous activity, as well as the man who had once been his guardian, Obu Toramasa. His domestic policies demonstrate the duality of Takeda Shingen. On one hand, he kept two iron cauldrons on hand to boil alive certain criminals (a practice considered sufficiently cruel enough to provoke Tokugawa Ieyasu to have the cauldrons destroyed years later). On the other, he did away with corporal punishment for most minor offences, instituting in it's place a system of fines - an act that earned him considerable praise from the peasants and townspeople of Kai. Shingen's law was not considered overly harsh, and his was one of the few Sengoku Period administrations prior to [[1582]] to tax most of his subjects evenly (most exempted powerful samurai families and/or religious establishments) and with the option of payment in either gold or rice (a forerunner, in some ways, to the later Kandaka system). <br />
<br />
An enduring legend describes Kenshin's reaction to Shingen's death. When the event was reported to him during a meal, he threw down his chopsticks and said, "He was my rival for many years, but the great general who was a pillar of the Kanto warrior families has been lost. It is truly a shame." He then ordered that no music be played at [[Kasugayama castle]] for a span of three days. In addition, he resisted a call to attack the Takeda domain to take advantage of the situation.<ref>See: Narumoto, Tatsuya. "Sengoku Bushou Omoshiro Jiten", Japan, 1998</ref><br />
<br />
Perhaps the greatest praise paid Shingen was by Tokugawa Ieyasu himself. Following the defeat of Katsuyori in 1582 and the death of Oda Nobunaga, Ieyasu assumed control of Kai, and borrowed freely from Shingen's style and techniques of governance, which he later included in his model for the Tokugawa Shogunate. <br />
<br />
Just prior to his death, Shingen had called from his bed for [[Yamagata Masakage]], one of ablest men, to raise his flags at Seta Bridge (the traditional eastern gate to Kyoto). He then collapsed back into his bed and died soon afterwards. In lieu of a death poem, he left the following words, borrowed from Zen literature, "It is largely left to her own natural bodily perfection, and she has no special need to resort to artificial coloring and powdering to look beautiful."<ref>Suzuki, Zen and Japanese Culture pg. 82. The 'she' in the passage is a reference to life, or reality.</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Takeda Shingen's 24 Generals]]<br />
<br />
==Notes to the Text==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* Hall, John Whitney, et al. (ed.) ''Japan Before Tokugawa.'' Princeton, 1981 <br />
* Kanaya, Shunichiro. ''Sengoku Jidai Ga Omoshiroi Hodo Wakaru Hon'', 2003 <br />
* ''[[Koyo Gunkan|The Koyo Gunkan]]'' (Edited by Yoshida Toyo) 19th edition, Tokyo, August 2005.<br />
* Kuwada, Tadachika. ''Nihon Busho Retsuden Series #3'', 1989 <br />
* Narumoto, Tatsuya. ''Sengoku Bushou Omoshiro Jiten'', Japan, 1998<br />
* Rekishi Gunzô. ''Shirizu #5: Takeda Shingen.'' Japan: Gakken, 1999 <br />
* Rekishi Gunzô. ''Shirizu #6: FuuRinKaZan.'' Japan: Gakken, 1999 <br />
* Sadler, A. L. ''The Maker of Modern.'' Japan Tuttle, 1978 <br />
* Sato, Hiroaki. ''[[Legends of the Samurai]].'' Overlook, 1995 <br />
* Suzuki, D. T. ''Zen and Japanese Culture.'' Princeton, 1993 <br />
* Turnbull, Stephen. ''Samurai Warlords.'' London: Blandford, 1992<br />
<br />
[[Category:Samurai]]<br />
[[Category:Sengoku Period]]</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=Takeda_Nobutora&diff=22127Takeda Nobutora2012-05-24T16:53:34Z<p>Shogun: </p>
<hr />
<div>* ''Born: [[1493]]''<br />
* ''Died: [[1574]]''<br />
* ''Titles: Mutsu no kami, Sakyô-daibu''<br />
* Sons: [[Takeda Shingen]], [[Takeda Nobushige]], [[Takeda Nobutomo]], [[Takeda Nobukado]], [[Takeda Munetomo]], [[Ichijo Nobutatsu]], [[Matsuo Nobukore]], [[Takeda Nobuzane|Kawakubo Nobuzane]], [[Takeda Katsutora]]?<br />
* ''Other Names: Nobunao''<br />
* Japanese: [[武田]] 信虎 ''(Takeda Nobutora)''<br />
<br />
<br />
Nobutora was the eldest son of [[Takeda Nobutsuna]], the lord of [[Kai Province]]. His mother was from the [[Iwashita clan|Iwashita]] family. Nobutsuna, lord since 1491, died of illness in [[1507]] and Nobutora duly succeeded him at a time when the Takeda, and Kai itself, was politically fractured. He was known at this time as Nobunao. His uncle [[Takeda Nobue|Nobue]] challenged Nobutora's authority and fighting broke out between their two factions. Nobutora attacked Nobue and his supporters the following year ([[1508]]) and in the course of the fighting Nobue and his his ally, [[Oyamada Nobutaka]], were killed. However, other important families within Kai, including the [[Oi family|Ôi]] and [[Oyamada family|Oyamada]], now led by [[Oyamada Nobuari]], continued to oppose him. Nobutora forced the submission of the Oyamada in 1510 and the following year married a daughter to Nobuari. However, the Ôi of southern Kai were supported by the [[Imagawa clan|Imagawa]] family of [[Suruga province|Suruga]] and proved more formidable. In 1517, however, [[Imagawa Ujichika]] withdrew his troops from Kai and [[Oi Nobusato|Ôi Nobusato]] was compelled to come to terms with Nobutora. Nobutora married Nobusato's daughter and this union would produce four of Nobutora's sons: Harunobu (Shingen), Nobushige, Nobutomo, and Nobukado. In 1530 he was to take the widow of [[Uesugi Norifusa]] as a concubine. Additionally, he was to maintain concubines from the Imai, Kudo, Kusuura, and Matsuo families.<br />
<br />
In 1519 Nobutora established the center of the Takeda clan at [[Tsutsujigaseki]] [躑躅ヶ崎館] in Fuchu. This moated mansion complex would remain the center of the Takeda clan for the next sixty years, until [[Takeda Katsuyori]] moved the family to Nirayama. In [[1521]], Ôi Nobusato again defied his authority and war broke out. Imagawa Ujichika came to Nobusato's support once more and ordered his retainer [[Kushima Masanari]] to launch an attack into Kai. Nobutora defeated Masashige at Iidagawara and afterwards Nobusato submitted, retired and became a monk. Around this time Nobutora's eldest son, the future Shingen, was born. <br />
<br />
Over the course of the next decade, Nobutora was at odds with the Imagawa, Hôjô, and a number of Shinano daimyô. The latter at length banded together in an anti-Nobutora coalition that included the [[Suwa clan|Suwa]], the [[Imai clan|Imai]], the [[Hiraga Clan|Hiraga]] and others. The Suwa, being at this time the strongest of them, was Nobutora's main antagonist. In 1531 he defeated a coalition army near present-day Nirasaki but in 1535 found himself pressed on his southern borders by the Imagawa and Hôjô. The following year he was granted a reprieve by the death of Imagawa Ujichika and the resulting battle for power within the Imagawa family. Nobutora supported [[Imagawa Yoshimoto]]'s bid for leadership and when Yoshimoto emerged as the new daimyô he married Nobutora's eldest daughter. In return, Yoshimoto acted as a go-between to arrange the marriage of Takeda Harunobu to the daughter of the court noble, [[Sanjo Kimiyori]]. Although the Takeda and Hôjô made peace, Nobutora's alliance with Yoshimoto split the Hôjô-Imagawa union and the two clans began fighting. Meanwhile, with his southern borders secure, Nobutora attacked the domain of [[Hiraga Genshin]] in late 1536 and surrounded his castle of Umi no kuchi [海ノ口城]. The defenders resisted stoutly and when winter snows began to fall, Nobutora withdrew. According to legend, it was Harunobu, commanding the rear guard, who opted to make a counter-march that caught the Hiraga men by surprise and led to their defeat and Genshin's death. Whatever the truth of the story, the result of the campaign was the destruction of the Hiraga in the 2nd month of 1537.<br />
<br />
In [[1540]], following the surrender of [[Imai Nobumoto]], the Suwa and the Takeda reconciled and [[Suwa Yorishige]] married another of Nobutora's daughters, [[Nene]]. At the same time, a treaty was made with the [[Murakami]] family and, along with the Suwa, the two clans defeated the Unno family at the Battle of Unnotaira [海野平の戦いで].<br />
<br />
Nobutora came to favor his second son, Nobushige, over Harunobu and contemplated naming him heir. Perhaps as importantly to the coming events, Nobutora had alienated his retainers with his arbitrary style of leadership and burdened the people of Kai with heavy taxes and forced labor for his seemingly endless campaigns. In the summer of [[1541]] he was overthrown by Harunobu and his chief retainers (perhaps most notably [[Amari Torayasu]] and [[Itagaki Nobutaka]]), although the manner in which this played out is not entirely clear. According to one version of the so-called 'bloodless coup', Nobutora departed for [[Suruga province]] to visit his daughter, the wife of Imagawa Yoshimoto, and Harunobu seized power in his absence, possibly with the secret understanding of Yoshimoto. The people of Kai in any event celebrated his fall and the Takeda retainers accepted Shingen's rule without incident. Nobutora afterwards lived quietly in Suruga Province, until the death of Yoshimoto at the [[Battle of Okehazama]] in [[1560]]. Nobutora's relations with Yoshimoto's heir, Ujizane, were not good and at length Nobutora migrated to [[Ise province|Ise Province]] and took up with [[Kitabatake Tomonori]], who gave him property in [[Shima Province]]. In return, Nobutora assisted Tomonori in his conflict with [[Kuki Yoshitaka]]<br />
<br />
After Harunobu (Shingen) died in [[1573]], Katsuyori, the new lord of the Takeda, allowed Nobutora to return to the east and he took up with his 4th son, Nobukado, at [[Takato Castle]] in Shinano. He died on 27 March [[1574]] in Shinano (almost all western sources state that he died in 1573, perhaps owing to some earlier confusion with the death of Shingen), and was buried in Kai and his grave may be seen in Kofu today. Nobutora was recorded as an intemperate and even unstable man who was not well-liked by his retainers, though he was a warrior of obvious ability. Katsuyori was said to have been taken aback at how fearsome his grandfather looked even at 80 years of age. His wife, the daughter of Ôi Nobusato, died in [[1552]]. His eldest daughter (who died in [[1550]]), the wife of Imagawa Yoshimoto, produced the latter's heir, [[Imagawa Ujizane|Ujizane]]. In addition to his other sons, Nobutora may also have had another, Katsutora. Little is known about him, except that he may have been born around the time that Nobutora went into exile.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* Kanaya, Shunichiro. ''Sengoku Jidai Ga Omoshiroi Hodo Wakaru Hon'', 2003 <br />
* Kuwada, Tadachika. ''Nihon Busho Retsuden Series #3'', 1989 <br />
* Narumoto, Tatsuya. ''Sengoku Bushou Omoshiro Jiten'', Japan, 1998<br />
* Rekishi Gunzô. ''Shirizu #5: Takeda Shingen.'' Japan: Gakken, 1999 <br />
* Rekishi Gunzô. ''Shirizu #6: FuuRinKaZan.'' Japan: Gakken, 1999 <br />
*[http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%8A%E5%B7%9D%E7%BE%A9%E5%85%83 Imagawa Yoshimoto] ''From Japanese Wikipedia''<br />
*[http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E6%81%B5%E9%99%A2 Joukei-In] ''From Japanese Wikipedia''<br />
*[http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%B0%E3%80%85 Nene] ''From Japanese Wikipedia''<br />
*[http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E7%94%B0%E4%BF%A1%E8%99%8E Takeda Nobutora] ''From Japanese Wikipedia''<br />
<br />
[[Category:Samurai]][[Category:Sengoku Period]]</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=Takeda_Nobutora&diff=22080Takeda Nobutora2012-05-13T02:41:22Z<p>Shogun: </p>
<hr />
<div>* ''Born: [[1493]]''<br />
* ''Died: [[1574]]''<br />
* ''Titles: Mutsu no kami, Sakyô-daibu''<br />
* Sons: [[Takeda Shingen]], [[Takeda Nobushige]], [[Takeda Nobutomo]], [[Takeda Nobukado]], [[Takeda Munetomo]], [[Ichijo Nobutatsu]], [[Matsuo Nobukore]], [[Takeda Nobuzane|Kawakubo Nobuzane]], [[Takeda Katsutora]]?<br />
* ''Other Names: Nobunao''<br />
* Japanese: [[武田]] 信虎 ''(Takeda Nobutora)''<br />
<br />
<br />
Nobutora was the eldest son of [[Takeda Nobutsuna]], the lord of [[Kai Province]]. His mother was from the [[Iwashita clan|Iwashita]] family. Nobutsuna, lord since 1491, died of illness in [[1507]] and Nobutora duly succeeded him at a time when the Takeda, and Kai itself, was politically fractured. He was known at this time as Nobunao. His uncle [[Takeda Nobue|Nobue]] challenged Nobutora's authority and fighting broke out between their two factions. Nobutora attacked Nobue and his supporters the following year ([[1508]]) and in the course of the fighting Nobue and his his ally, [[Oyamada Nobutaka]], were killed. However, other important families within Kai, including the [[Oi family|Ôi]] and [[Oyamada family|Oyamada]], now led by [[Oyamada Nobuari]], continued to oppose him. Nobutora forced the submission of the Oyamada in 1510 and the following year married a daughter to Nobuari. However, the Ôi of southern Kai were supported by the [[Imagawa clan|Imagawa]] family of [[Suruga province|Suruga]] and proved more formidable. In 1517, however, [[Imagawa Ujichika]] withdrew his troops from Kai and [[Oi Nobusato|Ôi Nobusato]] was compelled to come to terms with Nobutora. Nobutora married Nobutatu's daughter and this union would produce four of Nobutora's sons: Harunobu (Shingen), Nobushige, Nobutomo, and Nobukado. In 1530 he was to take the widow of [[Uesugi Norifusa]] as a concubine. Additionally, he was to maintain concubines from the Imai, Kudo, Kusuura, and Matsuo families.<br />
<br />
In 1519 Nobutora established the center of the Takeda clan at [[Tsutsujigaseki]] [躑躅ヶ崎館] in Fuchu. This moated mansion complex would remain the center of the Takeda clan for the next sixty years, until [[Takeda Katsuyori]] moved the family to Nirayama. In [[1521]], Ôi Nobusato again defied his authority and war broke out. Imagawa Ujichika came to Nobusato's support once more and ordered his retainer [[Kushima Masanari]] to launch an attack into Kai. Nobutora defeated Masashige at Iidagawara and afterwards Nobusato submitted, retired and became a monk. Around this time Nobutora's eldest son, the future Shingen, was born. <br />
<br />
Over the course of the next decade, Nobutora was at odds with the Imagawa, Hôjô, and a number of Shinano daimyô. The latter at length banded together in an anti-Nobutora coalition that included the [[Suwa clan|Suwa]], the [[Imai clan|Imai]], the [[Hiraga Clan|Hiraga]] and others. The Suwa, being at this time the strongest of them, was Nobutora's main antagonist. In 1531 he defeated a coalition army near present-day Nirasaki but in 1535 found himself pressed on his southern borders by the Imagawa and Hôjô. The following year he was granted a reprieve by the death of Imagawa Ujichika and the resulting battle for power within the Imagawa family. Nobutora supported [[Imagawa Yoshimoto]]'s bid for leadership and when Yoshimoto emerged as the new daimyô he married Nobutora's eldest daughter. In return, Yoshimoto acted as a go-between to arrange the marriage of Takeda Harunobu to the daughter of the court noble, [[Sanjo Kimiyori]]. Although the Takeda and Hôjô made peace, Nobutora's alliance with Yoshimoto split the Hôjô-Imagawa union and the two clans began fighting. Meanwhile, with his southern borders secure, Nobutora attacked the domain of [[Hiraga Genshin]] in late 1536 and surrounded his castle of Umi no kuchi [海ノ口城]. The defenders resisted stoutly and when winter snows began to fall, Nobutora withdrew. According to legend, it was Harunobu, commanding the rear guard, who opted to make a counter-march that caught the Hiraga men by surprise and led to their defeat and Genshin's death. Whatever the truth of the story, the result of the campaign was the destruction of the Hiraga in the 2nd month of 1537.<br />
<br />
In [[1540]], following the surrender of [[Imai Nobumoto]], the Suwa and the Takeda reconciled and [[Suwa Yorishige]] married another of Nobutora's daughters, [[Nene]]. At the same time, a treaty was made with the [[Murakami]] family and, along with the Suwa, the two clans defeated the Unno family at the Battle of Unnotaira [海野平の戦いで].<br />
<br />
Nobutora came to favor his second son, Nobushige, over Harunobu and contemplated naming him heir. Perhaps as importantly to the coming events, Nobutora had alienated his retainers with his arbitrary style of leadership and burdened the people of Kai with heavy taxes and forced labor for his seemingly endless campaigns. In the summer of [[1541]] he was overthrown by Harunobu and his chief retainers (perhaps most notably [[Amari Torayasu]] and [[Itagaki Nobutaka]]), although the manner in which this played out is not entirely clear. According to one version of the so-called 'bloodless coup', Nobutora departed for [[Suruga province]] to visit his daughter, the wife of Imagawa Yoshimoto, and Harunobu seized power in his absence, possibly with the secret understanding of Yoshimoto. The people of Kai in any event celebrated his fall and the Takeda retainers accepted Shingen's rule without incident. Nobutora afterwards lived quietly in Suruga Province, until the death of Yoshimoto at the [[Battle of Okehazama]] in [[1560]]. Nobutora's relations with Yoshimoto's heir, Ujizane, were not good and at length Nobutora migrated to [[Ise province|Ise Province]] and took up with [[Kitabatake Tomonori]], who gave him property in [[Shima Province]]. In return, Nobutora assisted Tomonori in his conflict with [[Kuki Yoshitaka]]<br />
<br />
After Harunobu (Shingen) died in [[1573]], Katsuyori, the new lord of the Takeda, allowed Nobutora to return to the east and he took up with his 4th son, Nobukado, at [[Takato Castle]] in Shinano. He died on 27 March [[1574]] in Shinano (almost all western sources state that he died in 1573, perhaps owing to some earlier confusion with the death of Shingen), and was buried in Kai and his grave may be seen in Kofu today. Nobutora was recorded as an intemperate and even unstable man who was not well-liked by his retainers, though he was a warrior of obvious ability. Katsuyori was said to have been taken aback at how fearsome his grandfather looked even at 80 years of age. His wife, the daughter of Ôi Nobutatsu, died in [[1552]]. His eldest daughter (who died in [[1550]]), the wife of Imagawa Yoshimoto, produced the latter's heir, [[Imagawa Ujizane|Ujizane]]. In addition to his other sons, Nobutora may also have had another, Katsutora. Little is known about him, except that he may have been born around the time that Nobutora went into exile.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* Kanaya, Shunichiro. ''Sengoku Jidai Ga Omoshiroi Hodo Wakaru Hon'', 2003 <br />
* Kuwada, Tadachika. ''Nihon Busho Retsuden Series #3'', 1989 <br />
* Narumoto, Tatsuya. ''Sengoku Bushou Omoshiro Jiten'', Japan, 1998<br />
* Rekishi Gunzô. ''Shirizu #5: Takeda Shingen.'' Japan: Gakken, 1999 <br />
* Rekishi Gunzô. ''Shirizu #6: FuuRinKaZan.'' Japan: Gakken, 1999 <br />
*[http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%8A%E5%B7%9D%E7%BE%A9%E5%85%83 Imagawa Yoshimoto] ''From Japanese Wikipedia''<br />
*[http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E6%81%B5%E9%99%A2 Joukei-In] ''From Japanese Wikipedia''<br />
*[http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%B0%E3%80%85 Nene] ''From Japanese Wikipedia''<br />
*[http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E7%94%B0%E4%BF%A1%E8%99%8E Takeda Nobutora] ''From Japanese Wikipedia''<br />
<br />
[[Category:Samurai]][[Category:Sengoku Period]]</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=Takeda_Nobutora&diff=22079Takeda Nobutora2012-05-13T02:40:23Z<p>Shogun: fixed name</p>
<hr />
<div>* ''Born: [[1493]]''<br />
* ''Died: [[1574]]''<br />
* ''Titles: Mutsu no kami, Sakyô-daibu''<br />
* Sons: [[Takeda Shingen]], [[Takeda Nobushige]], [[Takeda Nobutomo]], [[Takeda Nobukado]], [[Takeda Munetomo]], [[Ichijo Nobutatsu]], [[Matsuo Nobukore]], [[Takeda Nobuzane|Kawakubo Nobuzane]], [[Takeda Katsutora]]?<br />
* ''Other Names: Nobunao''<br />
* Japanese: [[武田]] 信虎 ''(Takeda Nobutora)''<br />
<br />
<br />
Nobutora was the eldest son of [[Takeda Nobutsuna]], the lord of [[Kai Province]]. His mother was from the [[Iwashita clan|Iwashita]] family. Nobutsuna, lord since 1491, died of illness in [[1507]] and Nobutora duly succeeded him at a time when the Takeda, and Kai itself, was politically fractured. He was known at this time as Nobunao. His uncle [[Takeda Nobue|Nobue]] challenged Nobutora's authority and fighting broke out between their two factions. Nobutora attacked Nobue and his supporters the following year ([[1508]]) and in the course of the fighting Nobue and his his ally, [[Oyamada Nobutaka]], were killed. However, other important families within Kai, including the [[Oi family|Ôi]] and [[Oyamada family|Oyamada]], now led by [[Oyamada Nobuari]], continued to oppose him. Nobutora forced the submission of the Oyamada in 1510 and the following year married a daughter to Nobuari. However, the Ôi of southern Kai were supported by the [[Imagawa clan|Imagawa]] family of [[Suruga province|Suruga]] and proved more formidable. In 1517, however, [[Imagawa Ujichika]] withdrew his troops from Kai and [[Oi Nobusato|Ôi Nobusato]] was compelled to come to terms with Nobutora. Nobutora married Nobutatu's daughter and this union would produce four of Nobutora's sons: Harunobu (Shingen), Nobushige, Nobutomo, and Nobukado. In 1530 he was to take the widow of [[Uesugi Norifusa]] as a concubine. Additionally, he was to maintain concubines from the Imai, Kudo, Kusuura, and Matsuo families.<br />
<br />
In 1519 Nobutora established the center of the Takeda clan at [[Tsutsujigaseki]] [躑躅ヶ崎館] in Fuchu. This moated mansion complex would remain the center of the Takeda clan for the next sixty years, until [[Takeda Katsuyori]] moved the family to Nirayama. In [[1521]], Ôi Nobutatsu again defied his authority and war broke out. Imagawa Ujichika came to Nobutatsu's support once more and ordered his retainer [[Kushima Masanari]] to launch an attack into Kai. Nobutora defeated Masashige at Iidagawara and afterwards Nobutatsu submitted, retired and became a monk. Around this time Nobutora's eldest son, the future Shingen, was born. <br />
<br />
Over the course of the next decade, Nobutora was at odds with the Imagawa, Hôjô, and a number of Shinano daimyô. The latter at length banded together in an anti-Nobutora coalition that included the [[Suwa clan|Suwa]], the [[Imai clan|Imai]], the [[Hiraga Clan|Hiraga]] and others. The Suwa, being at this time the strongest of them, was Nobutora's main antagonist. In 1531 he defeated a coalition army near present-day Nirasaki but in 1535 found himself pressed on his southern borders by the Imagawa and Hôjô. The following year he was granted a reprieve by the death of Imagawa Ujichika and the resulting battle for power within the Imagawa family. Nobutora supported [[Imagawa Yoshimoto]]'s bid for leadership and when Yoshimoto emerged as the new daimyô he married Nobutora's eldest daughter. In return, Yoshimoto acted as a go-between to arrange the marriage of Takeda Harunobu to the daughter of the court noble, [[Sanjo Kimiyori]]. Although the Takeda and Hôjô made peace, Nobutora's alliance with Yoshimoto split the Hôjô-Imagawa union and the two clans began fighting. Meanwhile, with his southern borders secure, Nobutora attacked the domain of [[Hiraga Genshin]] in late 1536 and surrounded his castle of Umi no kuchi [海ノ口城]. The defenders resisted stoutly and when winter snows began to fall, Nobutora withdrew. According to legend, it was Harunobu, commanding the rear guard, who opted to make a counter-march that caught the Hiraga men by surprise and led to their defeat and Genshin's death. Whatever the truth of the story, the result of the campaign was the destruction of the Hiraga in the 2nd month of 1537.<br />
<br />
In [[1540]], following the surrender of [[Imai Nobumoto]], the Suwa and the Takeda reconciled and [[Suwa Yorishige]] married another of Nobutora's daughters, [[Nene]]. At the same time, a treaty was made with the [[Murakami]] family and, along with the Suwa, the two clans defeated the Unno family at the Battle of Unnotaira [海野平の戦いで].<br />
<br />
Nobutora came to favor his second son, Nobushige, over Harunobu and contemplated naming him heir. Perhaps as importantly to the coming events, Nobutora had alienated his retainers with his arbitrary style of leadership and burdened the people of Kai with heavy taxes and forced labor for his seemingly endless campaigns. In the summer of [[1541]] he was overthrown by Harunobu and his chief retainers (perhaps most notably [[Amari Torayasu]] and [[Itagaki Nobutaka]]), although the manner in which this played out is not entirely clear. According to one version of the so-called 'bloodless coup', Nobutora departed for [[Suruga province]] to visit his daughter, the wife of Imagawa Yoshimoto, and Harunobu seized power in his absence, possibly with the secret understanding of Yoshimoto. The people of Kai in any event celebrated his fall and the Takeda retainers accepted Shingen's rule without incident. Nobutora afterwards lived quietly in Suruga Province, until the death of Yoshimoto at the [[Battle of Okehazama]] in [[1560]]. Nobutora's relations with Yoshimoto's heir, Ujizane, were not good and at length Nobutora migrated to [[Ise province|Ise Province]] and took up with [[Kitabatake Tomonori]], who gave him property in [[Shima Province]]. In return, Nobutora assisted Tomonori in his conflict with [[Kuki Yoshitaka]]<br />
<br />
After Harunobu (Shingen) died in [[1573]], Katsuyori, the new lord of the Takeda, allowed Nobutora to return to the east and he took up with his 4th son, Nobukado, at [[Takato Castle]] in Shinano. He died on 27 March [[1574]] in Shinano (almost all western sources state that he died in 1573, perhaps owing to some earlier confusion with the death of Shingen), and was buried in Kai and his grave may be seen in Kofu today. Nobutora was recorded as an intemperate and even unstable man who was not well-liked by his retainers, though he was a warrior of obvious ability. Katsuyori was said to have been taken aback at how fearsome his grandfather looked even at 80 years of age. His wife, the daughter of Ôi Nobutatsu, died in [[1552]]. His eldest daughter (who died in [[1550]]), the wife of Imagawa Yoshimoto, produced the latter's heir, [[Imagawa Ujizane|Ujizane]]. In addition to his other sons, Nobutora may also have had another, Katsutora. Little is known about him, except that he may have been born around the time that Nobutora went into exile.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* Kanaya, Shunichiro. ''Sengoku Jidai Ga Omoshiroi Hodo Wakaru Hon'', 2003 <br />
* Kuwada, Tadachika. ''Nihon Busho Retsuden Series #3'', 1989 <br />
* Narumoto, Tatsuya. ''Sengoku Bushou Omoshiro Jiten'', Japan, 1998<br />
* Rekishi Gunzô. ''Shirizu #5: Takeda Shingen.'' Japan: Gakken, 1999 <br />
* Rekishi Gunzô. ''Shirizu #6: FuuRinKaZan.'' Japan: Gakken, 1999 <br />
*[http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%8A%E5%B7%9D%E7%BE%A9%E5%85%83 Imagawa Yoshimoto] ''From Japanese Wikipedia''<br />
*[http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E6%81%B5%E9%99%A2 Joukei-In] ''From Japanese Wikipedia''<br />
*[http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%B0%E3%80%85 Nene] ''From Japanese Wikipedia''<br />
*[http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E7%94%B0%E4%BF%A1%E8%99%8E Takeda Nobutora] ''From Japanese Wikipedia''<br />
<br />
[[Category:Samurai]][[Category:Sengoku Period]]</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=Katsunuma_Nobutomo&diff=22078Katsunuma Nobutomo2012-05-13T02:00:34Z<p>Shogun: </p>
<hr />
<div>* ''Died: [[1535]]''<br />
<br />
<br />
Nobutomo was [[Takeda Shingen|Takeda Shingen's]] cousin and the son of [[Takeda Nobutsuna]]. In 1535 he was killed in battle against the [[Hojo clan]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* Initial text from [http://www.samurai-archives.com Samurai-Archives.com] FWSeal & CEWest, 2005<br />
<br />
[[Category:Samurai]]<br />
[[Category:Sengoku Period]]</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=Katsunuma_Nobutomo&diff=22077Katsunuma Nobutomo2012-05-13T01:58:08Z<p>Shogun: </p>
<hr />
<div>* ''Died: [[1535]]''<br />
<br />
<br />
Nobutomo was [[Takeda Shingen|Takeda Shingen's]] cousin and the son of [[Takeda Nobutsuna]], who was killed fighting the [[Hojo clan|Hôjô]]. In in 1535 he was killed in battle against the [[Hojo clan]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* Initial text from [http://www.samurai-archives.com Samurai-Archives.com] FWSeal & CEWest, 2005<br />
<br />
[[Category:Samurai]]<br />
[[Category:Sengoku Period]]</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=Katsunuma_Nobutomo&diff=22076Katsunuma Nobutomo2012-05-13T01:50:34Z<p>Shogun: </p>
<hr />
<div>* ''Died: [[1560]]''<br />
<br />
<br />
Nobutomo was [[Takeda Shingen|Takeda Shingen's]] cousin and the son of [[Takeda Nobutsuna]], who was killed fighting the [[Hojo clan|Hôjô]]. In 1560 it was revealed that Nobutomo was plotting against Shingen and so he was made to commit suicide.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* Initial text from [http://www.samurai-archives.com Samurai-Archives.com] FWSeal & CEWest, 2005<br />
<br />
[[Category:Samurai]]<br />
[[Category:Sengoku Period]]</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=Katsunuma_Nobutomo&diff=22074Katsunuma Nobutomo2012-05-13T01:44:22Z<p>Shogun: Katanuma Nobumoto moved to Katsunuma Nobutomo: Wrong name.</p>
<hr />
<div>* ''Died: [[1560]]''<br />
<br />
<br />
Nobumoto was [[Takeda Shingen|Takeda Shingen's]] cousin and the son of [[Katanuma Nobutomo]], who was killed fighting the [[Hojo clan|Hôjô]]. In 1560 it was revealed that Nobumoto was plotting against Shingen and so he was made to commit suicide.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* Initial text from [http://www.samurai-archives.com Samurai-Archives.com] FWSeal & CEWest, 2005<br />
<br />
[[Category:Samurai]]<br />
[[Category:Sengoku Period]]</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=1548&diff=2202515482012-05-02T15:39:34Z<p>Shogun: /* Other events of 1548 */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Timeline of 1548 ==<br />
(Tenmon 17;天文十七年)<br />
<br />
* 1548/2 [[Takeda Shingen]] suffers a defeat at the hands of [[Murakami Yoshikiyo]] in the first Japanese battle in which guns are employed (in this case, by the Murakami and of Chinese manufacture) <br />
* 1548/3 [[Imagawa Yoshimoto]] attacks [[Oda Nobuhide]] on behalf of [[Matsudaira Hirotada]]. <br />
<br />
== Other events of 1548 ==<br />
* Oda Nobuhide makes peace with [[Saito Dosan|Saitô Dôsan]], and receives a daughter for marriage to Nobunaga.<br />
<br />
<center><br />
{| border="3" align="center"<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|width="35%"|Previous Year<br>'''[[1547]]'''<br />
|width="25%"|'''[[1548]]'''<br />
|width="35%"|Following Year<br>'''[[1549]]'''<br />
|}<br />
</center><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Timeline]]<br />
[[Category:Sengoku Period Timeline]]</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=Sexegenary_cycle&diff=21930Sexegenary cycle2012-03-31T03:08:15Z<p>Shogun: Sexegenary cycle moved to Sexagenary cycle: Tatsu said so</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Sexagenary cycle]]</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=Sexagenary_cycle&diff=21929Sexagenary cycle2012-03-31T03:08:15Z<p>Shogun: Sexegenary cycle moved to Sexagenary cycle: Tatsu said so</p>
<hr />
<div>Sexagenary cycle<br />
<br />
Japanese: 干支 ''' Kan-shi''' or '''E-to'''<br />
<br />
From ancient times China had two series of characters used for numbering (not for numbers!). One is the "ten stems" (jik-kan 十干), the other is the "twelve branches" (jûni-shi 十二支). They were combined to make a cycle of 60, the sexagenary cycle. These series spread over east and south-east Asia and were early taken over by the Japanese as part of the Chinese culture<ref>A mirror in Sumida (隅田) Hachiman-gu Shrine in Hashimoto City, Wakayama Prefecture has an inscription that includes the year in cyclic form, 癸未年 (see below). Scholars are mostly divided about whether this refers to 443 A.D. or to 503 A.D., but in any case, one can say that the cycle was used in Japan to indicate years in the fifth century. (Yoshida Yoshirô, ''The Japanese Calendar'', p. 50 (岡田芳朗,日本の暦、木耳社、[Mokujisha],1972).</ref>. They are still known in Japan, though since the [[Meiji period]] (1868-1912) their use has been very limited. <br />
<br />
==TheTwelve Branches (Jûni-shi 十二支)==<br />
<br />
===general===<br />
The ''shi'' characters, translated variously as "branches," "zodiacal characters," "horary characters," etc. are a series of twelve characters used for various "cyclic" purposes. They were used for indicating direction, time, and, together with the ''kan'', for indicating years and days. Often, though, days and years are referred to by the ''shi'' element only, without the ''kan''. The ''shi'' early on became associated with animals, but the characters for the ''shi'' and the animals are completely distinct.<br />
<br />
===Table===<br />
{| style="text-align:center" border="1" cellpadding="2"<br />
|+ '''The Twelve Branches 十二支'''<br />
! No. !! Kanji !! Kun !! On <br />
! colspan="2" | Time <br />
! Direction !! &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! 1<br />
| 子||ne||shi||23:00- 1:00||0:00||N (0º)||rat<br />
|-<br />
! 2<br />
| 丑||ushi||chû|| 1:00- 3:00||2:00||30º||ox<br />
|-<br />
! 3<br />
| 寅||tora||in|| 3:00-5:00||4:00||60º||tiger<br />
|-<br />
! 4<br />
| 卯||u||bô|| 5:00-7:00||6:00||E (90º)||hare<br />
|-<br />
! 5<br />
| 辰||tatsu||shin||7:00-9:00||8:00||120º||dragon<br />
|-<br />
! 6<br />
| 巳||mi||shi||9:00-11:00||10:00||150º||snake<br />
|-<br />
! 7<br />
| 午||uma||go||11:00-13:00||12:00||S (180º)||horse<br />
|-<br />
! 8<br />
| 未||hitusji||bi||13:00-15:00||14:00||210º||sheep<br />
|-<br />
! 9<br />
| 申||saru||shin||15:00-17:00||16:00||240º||monkey<br />
|-<br />
! 10<br />
| 酉||tori||yû||17:00-19:00||18:00||W (270º)||bird<br />
|-<br />
! 11<br />
| 戌||inu||jutsu||19:00-21:00||20:00||300º||dog<br />
|-<br />
! 12<br />
| 亥||i||kai||21:00-23:00||22:00||330º||boar<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="8" style="text-align:left" |Kun are Japanese readings, which are normally used. On are Chinese readings. <br> NE, SE, SW, and NW are 丑寅 (ushi-tora), 辰巳、未申、and 戊亥.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==The Ten stems (Jik-kan 十干)==<br />
===General===<br />
The ten ''kan'' characters are the yang (陽) and yin (陰) of the five elements of wood, fire, earth, metal, and water. They were particularly used together with the ''shi'' in the sexedecimal cycle. ''Kô'' through ''bo'' were also sometimes used to designate the night hours from ''inu'' to ''tora''. However, now in Japan their use is mainly limited to indicating rankings, as for academic grades, or for distinguishing parties in a contract (such as, "''Kô'' agrees to pay to ''otsu'' or an agent that ''otsu'' selects..."). In these uses, the Chinese readings are used. The ''kan'' are thus not as cyclical as the ''shi'' are.<br />
<br />
===Table===<br />
Kan tables<br />
{| style="text-align:center" border = "1"<br />
|+ '''The Ten Stems 十干'''<br />
!No !! Kanji !! Kun !! On !! &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! 1<br />
|甲||kinoe||kô||e. wood<br />
|-<br />
! 2<br />
|乙||kinoto||otsu||y. wood<br />
|-<br />
! 3<br />
|丙||hinoe||hei||e. fire<br />
|-<br />
! 4<br />
|丁||hinoto||tei||y. fire<br />
|-<br />
! 5<br />
|戊||tsuchinoe||bo||e. earth<br />
|-<br />
! 6<br />
|己||tsuchinoto||ki||y. earth<br />
|-<br />
! 7<br />
|庚||kanoe||kô||e. metal<br />
|-<br />
! 8<br />
|辛||kanoto||shin||y. metal<br />
|-<br />
! 9<br />
|壬||mizunoe||jin||e. water<br />
|-<br />
! 10<br />
|癸||mizunoto||ki||y. water<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" |Kun is Japanese reading, On is Chinese reading. <br> e. is “elder brother of”; y. is “younger brother of.”<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==The sexagesimal (60-character) cycle==<br />
<br />
===general===<br />
When the two cycles are used together, one gets a series of sixty pairs of characters as in the table below. (60 is the least common multiple of 10 and 12.) Note that each ''shi'' is used only with either the "elder brother" ("upper") ''kan'' or with the "youger brother" ("lower") ''kan'': odd-numbered ''shi'' go with odd-number, or upper, ''kan'', and even-numbered ''shi'' go with even-numbered, or lower, ''kan''. This means, for example, that a translation of ''tsuchinoe-tatsu'' as "Earth-Dragon" instead of "Elder Brother of Earth-Dragon" is unambiguous. <br />
<br />
These pairs are normally read using the Japanese readings, as ''kinoe-ne'' for 甲子. <br />
<br />
From the numbers of a given K(an) and S(hi) the P(osition) in the cycle can be computed as follows: if K>=S: P = (K-S)*5+K; if S>K: P = (12+K-S)*5+K. So ''kanoto-u'' (8,4) is the 28th position, and ''hinoe-tatsu'' (3,5) is in the 53rd. One can also search in the table below.<br />
<br />
The cycle was used to indicate [[Japanese calendar|days]], and especially [[year dates]]. For example, 1504 was a ''kinoe-ne'' year. Dating documents by cyclic years was very common, but dating documents by cyclic days was extremely rare in Japan from what I have seen. However, as the cycle repeats every 60 years (or days), the cyclic indication is not enough to determine a date; one has to have some other information. To find the year associated with a ''kan-shi'', use the table below and add or subtract a multiple of sixty as needed, or use the method in the [[year dates]] article.<br />
<br />
As mentioned above, when used as a date, the Japanese reading is used for the ''kan-shi''. However when a ''kan-shi'' is used as part of a proper name, the Chinese reading are used. Thus, the [[Boshin War]] (戊辰戦争) took place in [[1868]], a ''tsuchinoe-tatsu'' 戊辰 year, and all high-school baseball players dream of playing in Kôshi-en Stadium (甲子園), which opened the ''kinoe-ne'' 甲子 year of 1924. The Chinese readings used in such cases are those given in the tables above, except that 甲子 is sometimes read ''kasshi'' as well as ''kôshi'' and 乙 can be read as either ''itsu'' or ''otsu'', by ''onbin'' ''it- is-, ot-'' or ''os-''. So we have the 乙丑丸 ''[[Itchû-maru]]'', "The Ship [[1865]]".<br />
<br />
===Table===<br />
<br />
{| border = “1”<br />
|+ '''The 60-Cycle 干支'''<br />
!No. !! Comb. !! Kanji !! Reading!! Sample Year<br />
|-<br />
! 1<br />
|&nbsp; 1,1||甲子||kinoe ne||1504<br />
|-<br />
! 2<br />
|&nbsp; 2,2||乙丑||kinoto ushi||1505<br />
|-<br />
! 3<br />
|&nbsp; 3,3||丙寅||hinoe tora||1506<br />
|-<br />
! 4<br />
|&nbsp; 4,4||丁卯||hinoto u||1507<br />
|-<br />
! 5<br />
|&nbsp; 5,5||戊辰||tsuchinoe tatsu||1508<br />
|-<br />
! 6<br />
|&nbsp; 6,6||己巳||tsuchinoto mi||1509<br />
|-<br />
! 7<br />
|&nbsp; 7,7||庚午||kanoe uma||1510<br />
|-<br />
! 8<br />
|&nbsp; 8,8||辛未||kanoto hitusji||1511<br />
|-<br />
! 9<br />
|&nbsp; 9,9||壬申||mizunoe saru||1512<br />
|-<br />
! 10<br />
|10,10||癸酉||mizunoto tori||1513<br />
|-<br />
! 11<br />
|&nbsp; 1,11||甲戌||kinoe inu||1514<br />
|-<br />
! 12<br />
|&nbsp; 2,12||乙亥||kinoto i||1515<br />
|-<br />
! 13<br />
|&nbsp; 3,1||丙子||hinoe ne||1516<br />
|-<br />
! 14<br />
|&nbsp; 4,2||丁丑||hinoto ushi||1517<br />
|-<br />
! 15<br />
|&nbsp; 5,3||戊寅||tsuchinoe tora||1518<br />
|-<br />
! 16<br />
|&nbsp; 6,4||己卯||tsuchinoto u||1519<br />
|-<br />
! 17<br />
|&nbsp; 7,5||庚辰||kanoe tatsu||1520<br />
|-<br />
! 18<br />
|&nbsp; 8,6||辛巳||kanoto mi||1521<br />
|-<br />
! 19<br />
|&nbsp; 9,7||壬午||mizunoe uma||1522<br />
|-<br />
! 20<br />
|10,8||癸未||mizunoto hitusji||1523<br />
|-<br />
! 21<br />
|&nbsp; 1,9||甲申||kinoe saru||1524<br />
|-<br />
! 22<br />
|&nbsp; 2,10||乙酉||kinoto tori||1525<br />
|-<br />
! 23<br />
|&nbsp; 3,11||丙戌||hinoe inu||1526<br />
|-<br />
! 24<br />
|&nbsp; 4,12||丁亥||hinoto i||1527<br />
|-<br />
! 25<br />
|&nbsp; 5,1||戊子||tsuchinoe ne||1528<br />
|-<br />
! 26<br />
|&nbsp; 6,2||己丑||tsuchinoto ushi||1529<br />
|-<br />
! 27<br />
|&nbsp; 7,3||庚寅||kanoe tora||1530<br />
|-<br />
! 28<br />
|&nbsp; 8,4||辛卯||kanoto u||1531<br />
|-<br />
! 29<br />
|&nbsp; 9,5||壬辰||mizunoe tatsu||1532<br />
|-<br />
! 30<br />
|10,6||癸巳||mizunoto mi||1533<br />
|-<br />
! 31<br />
|&nbsp; 1,7||甲午||kinoe uma||1534<br />
|-<br />
! 32<br />
|&nbsp; 2,8||乙未||kinoto hitusji||1535<br />
|-<br />
! 33<br />
|&nbsp; 3,9||丙申||hinoe saru||1536<br />
|-<br />
! 34<br />
|&nbsp; 4,10||丁酉||hinoto tori||1537<br />
|-<br />
! 35<br />
|&nbsp; 5,11||戊戌||tsuchinoe inu||1538<br />
|-<br />
! 36<br />
|&nbsp; 6,12||己亥||tsuchinoto i||1539<br />
|-<br />
! 37<br />
|&nbsp; 7,1||庚子||kanoe ne||1540<br />
|-<br />
! 38<br />
|&nbsp; 8,2||辛丑||kanoto ushi||1541<br />
|-<br />
! 39<br />
|&nbsp; 9,3||壬寅||mizunoe tora||1542<br />
|-<br />
! 40<br />
|10,4||癸卯||mizunoto u||1543<br />
|-<br />
! 41<br />
|&nbsp; 1,5||甲辰||kinoe tatsu||1544<br />
|-<br />
! 42<br />
|&nbsp; 2,6||乙巳||kinoto mi||1545<br />
|-<br />
! 43<br />
|&nbsp; 3,7||丙午||hinoe uma||1546<br />
|-<br />
! 44<br />
|&nbsp; 4,8||丁未||hinoto hitusji||1547<br />
|-<br />
! 45<br />
|&nbsp; 5,9||戊申||tsuchinoe saru||1548<br />
|-<br />
! 46<br />
|&nbsp; 6,10||己酉||tsuchinoto tori||1549<br />
|-<br />
! 47<br />
|&nbsp; 7,11||庚戌||kanoe inu||1550<br />
|-<br />
! 48<br />
|&nbsp; 8,12||辛亥||kanoto i||1551<br />
|-<br />
! 49<br />
|&nbsp; 9,1||壬子||mizunoe ne||1552<br />
|-<br />
! 50<br />
|10,2||癸丑||mizunoto ushi||1553<br />
|-<br />
! 51<br />
|&nbsp; 1,3||甲寅||kinoe tora||1554<br />
|-<br />
! 52<br />
|&nbsp; 2,4||乙卯||kinoto u||1555<br />
|-<br />
! 53<br />
|&nbsp; 3,5||丙辰||hinoe tatsu||1556<br />
|-<br />
! 54<br />
|&nbsp; 4,6||丁巳||hinoto mi||1557<br />
|-<br />
! 55<br />
|&nbsp; 5,7||戊午||tsuchinoe uma||1558<br />
|-<br />
! 56<br />
|&nbsp; 6,8||己未||tsuchinoto hitusji||1559<br />
|-<br />
! 57<br />
|&nbsp; 7,9||庚申||kanoe saru||1560<br />
|-<br />
! 58<br />
|&nbsp; 8,10||辛酉||kanoto tori||1561<br />
|-<br />
! 59<br />
|&nbsp; 9,11||壬戌||mizunoe inu||1562<br />
|-<br />
! 60<br />
|10,12||癸亥||mizunoto i||1563<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
*[[Kojien Dictionary|''Kôjien Dictionary'']]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Resource Articles]]</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=Go-daigo&diff=20945Go-daigo2011-11-04T15:23:16Z<p>Shogun: Redirecting to Emperor Go-Daigo</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Emperor Go-Daigo]]</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=Emperors_of_Japan&diff=20944Emperors of Japan2011-11-04T15:22:41Z<p>Shogun: /* Historical */</p>
<hr />
<div>The succession of Emperors as described in the ''[[Nihon Shoki]]'' and the ''[[Kojiki]]'' cannot be taken at face-value. Neither can the presented dates for those before reign of [[Emperor Kimmei]], who ruled from [[539]] to [[571]]<ref>Funke, Mark C. Hitachi no Kuni Fudoki. Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 49, No. 1. (Spring, 1994), page 11.</ref> be trusted. <br />
<br />
The following list has been divided up by eras, and most importantly by those that fall under the "mythological" or "historical" categories. [[Emperor Sujin]] is believed to have been the first "historical" Emperor (being the first Emperor to rule in the growing [[Yamato province|Yamato]] region) after the tribal confederacies that had held power previously--this does not mean, however, that he and those that followed did not have highly ficionalized lives.<br />
<br />
Recent scholarship has raised the possibility that Emperors [[Emperor Seimu|Seimu]] and [[Emperor Chuai|Ch&ucirc;ai]], and [[Empress Jingu|Empress Jing&ucirc;]] were completely ficticious characters<ref>Edwards, Walter. In Pursuit of Himiko. Postwar Archaeology and the Location of Yamatai. Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 51, No. 1. (Spring, 1996), page 60n.</ref>. This assertion could very well apply to many other early Emperors, while others are most likely composite figures--an amalgamation of various important figures in early Japan. <br />
<br />
==Mythological==<br />
1. [[Emperor Jimmu|Jimmu]] 660 - 582 BC <br />
<br />
2. [[Emperor Suizei|Suizei]] 581 - 549 <br />
<br />
3. [[Emperor Annei|Annei]] 549 - 511<br />
<br />
4. [[Emperor Itoku|Itoku]] 510 - 476 <br />
<br />
5. [[Emperor Kosho|K&ocirc;sh&ocirc;]] 475 - 393 <br />
<br />
6. [[Emperor Koan|K&ocirc;an]] 392 - 291 <br />
<br />
7. [[Emperor Korei|K&ocirc;rei]] 290 - 215 <br />
<br />
8. [[Emperor Kogen|K&ocirc;gen]] 214 - 158 <br />
<br />
9. [[Emperor Kaika|Kaika]] 157 - 98<br />
<br />
==Historical==<br />
<br />
10. [[Emperor Sujin|Sujin]] 97-30 <br />
<br />
11. [[Emperor Suinin|Suinin]] 29 BC- 70 AD<br />
<br />
12. [[Emperor Keiko|Keiko]] 71 - 130 <br />
<br />
13. [[Emperor Seimu|Seimu]] 131 - 191 <br />
<br />
14. [[Emperor Chuai|Ch&ucirc;ai]] 192 - 200<br />
<br />
: [[Empress Jingu|Jing&ucirc;]] 209 - 269 (Regent) <br />
<br />
15. [[Emperor Ojin|&Ocirc;jin]] 270 - 310 <br />
<br />
16. [[Emperor Nintoku|Nintoku]] 313 - 399 <br />
<br />
17. [[Emperor Richu|Rich&ucirc;]] 400 - 405 <br />
<br />
18. [[Emperor Hanzei|Hanzei]] 406 - 410 <br />
<br />
19. [[Emperor Ingyo|Ingy&ocirc;]] 411 - 453 <br />
<br />
20. [[Emperor Anko|Ank&ocirc;]] 453 - 456 <br />
<br />
21. [[Emperor Yuryaku|Y&ucirc;ryaku]] 456 - 479 <br />
<br />
22. [[Emperor Seinei|Seinei]] 480 - 484 <br />
<br />
23. [[Emperor Kenzo|Kenso]] 485 - 487 <br />
<br />
24. [[Emperor Ninken|Ninken]] 488 - 498 <br />
<br />
25. [[Emperor Buretsu|Buretsu]] 498 - 506 <br />
<br />
26. [[Emperor Keitai|Keitai]] 507 - 531 <br />
<br />
27. [[Emperor Ankan|Ankan]] 531 - 536<br />
<br />
===Asuka Period 飛鳥時代===<br />
28. [[Emperor Senka|Senka]] 536 - 539 <br />
<br />
29. [[Emperor Kimmei|Kimmei]] 540 - 571 <br />
<br />
30. [[Emperor Bidatsu|Bidatsu]] 572 - 585 <br />
<br />
31. [[Emperor Yomei|Yomei]] 585 - 587 <br />
<br />
32. [[Emperor Sushun|Sushun]] 588 - 592 <br />
<br />
33. [[Empress Suiko|Suiko]] 593 - 628 <br />
<br />
34. [[Emperor Jomei|Jomei]] 629 - 641 <br />
<br />
35. [[Empress Kogyoku|Kogyoku (Saimei)]] 642 - 644 <br />
<br />
36. [[Emperor Kotoku|Kotoku (Taika)]] 645 - 654 <br />
<br />
37. [[Empress Saimei|Saimei]] 655 - 660 <br />
<br />
38. [[Emperor Tenji|Tenji]] 661 - 670 <br />
<br />
39. [[Emperor Kobun|Kobun]] 671 - 672 <br />
<br />
40. [[Emperor Temmu|Temmu]] 673 - 685 <br />
<br />
41. [[Empress Jito|Jito]] 686 - 696 <br />
<br />
42. [[Emperor Mommu|Mommu]] 697 - 706 <br />
<br />
===Nara Period 奈良時代===<br />
43. [[Gemmei]] 707-714 <br />
<br />
44. [[Gensho|Genshô]] (Yoro) 715-723 <br />
<br />
45. [[Shomu]] 724-749 <br />
<br />
46. [[Koken]] (Shotoku) 749-758 <br />
<br />
47. [[Junnin]] 758-763 <br />
<br />
48. [[Shotoku]] (Koken) 764-770 <br />
<br />
49. [[Konin]] 770-780<br />
<br />
===Heian Period 平安時代===<br />
50. [[Kammu]] 781-806 <br />
<br />
51. [[Heizei]] 806-809 <br />
<br />
52. [[Saga]] 809-823 <br />
<br />
53. [[Junna]] 823-833 <br />
<br />
54. [[Nimmyo]] 833-850 <br />
<br />
55. [[Montoku]] 850-858 <br />
<br />
56. [[Seiwa]] 858-876 <br />
<br />
57. [[Yozei]] 876-884 <br />
<br />
58. [[Koko]] 884-887 <br />
<br />
59. [[Uda]] 887-897 <br />
<br />
60. [[Daigo]] 897-930 <br />
<br />
61. [[Suzaku]] 930-946 <br />
<br />
62. [[Murakami]] 946-967 <br />
<br />
63. [[Reizei]] 967-969 <br />
<br />
64. [[Enyu]] 969-984 <br />
<br />
65. [[Kazan]] 984-986 <br />
<br />
66. [[Ichijo|Ichijô]] 986-1011 <br />
<br />
67. [[Sanjo]] 1011-1016 <br />
<br />
68. [[Go-Ichijo|Go-Ichijô]] 1016-1036 <br />
<br />
69. [[Go-Suzaku]] 1036-1045 <br />
<br />
70. [[Go-Reizei]] 1045-1068 <br />
<br />
71. [[Go-Sanjo]] 1068-1072 <br />
<br />
72. [[Shirakawa]] 1072-1086 <br />
<br />
73. [[Horikawa]] 1086-1107 <br />
<br />
74. [[Toba]] 1107-1123 <br />
<br />
75. [[Sutoku]] 1123-1141 <br />
<br />
76. [[Konoe]] 1141-1155 <br />
<br />
77. [[Go-Shirakawa]] 1155-1158 <br />
<br />
78. [[Nijo|Nijô]] 1158-1165 <br />
<br />
79. [[Rokujo|Rokujô]] 1165-1168 <br />
<br />
80. [[Takakura]] 1168-1180 <br />
<br />
81. [[Antoku]] 1180-1183<br />
<br />
===Kamakura Period 鎌倉時代===<br />
82. [[Go-Toba]] 1183-1198 <br />
<br />
83. [[Tsuchimikado]] 1198-1210 <br />
<br />
84. [[Juntoku]] 1201-1221 <br />
<br />
85. [[Chukyo]] 1221 <br />
<br />
86. [[Go-Horikawa]] 1221-1232 <br />
<br />
87. [[Shijo]] 1232-1242 <br />
<br />
88. [[Go-Saga]] 1242-1246 <br />
<br />
89. [[Go-Fukakusa]] 1246-1259 <br />
<br />
90. [[Kameyama]] 1259-1274 <br />
<br />
91. [[Go-Uda]] 1274-1287 <br />
<br />
92. [[Fushimi]] 1288-1298 <br />
<br />
93. [[Go-Fushimi]] 1298-1301 <br />
<br />
94. [[Go-Nijo|Go-Nijô]] 1301-1308 <br />
<br />
95. [[Hanazono]] 1308-1318<br />
<br />
===Muromachi Period 室町時代===<br />
96. [[Emperor Go-Daigo|Go-Daigo]] 1318-1339 <br />
<br />
97. Go-Murakami 1339-1367 <br />
<br />
98. Chokei 1368-1383 <br />
<br />
99. Go-Kameyama 1383-1392 <br />
<br />
====Northern Court====<br />
*Kôgon 1331-1333 <br />
*Kômyô 1336-1347 <br />
*Sukô 1348-1351 <br />
*Go-Kôgon 1352-1370 <br />
*Go-En'yû 1371-1372 <br />
<br />
<br />
100. Go-Komatsu 1392-1412 <br />
<br />
101. Shôkô 1412-1427 <br />
<br />
102. Go-Hanazono 1428-1463 <br />
<br />
103. Go-Tsuchimakado 1464-1499 <br />
<br />
104. Go-Kashiwabara 1500-1525 <br />
<br />
105. Go-Nara 1526-1556 <br />
<br />
106. [[Emperor Ogimachi|Ôgimachi]] 1557-1585 <br />
<br />
107. Go-Yôzei 1586-1610<br />
<br />
===Edo Period 江戸時代===<br />
108. Go-Mizunoo 1611-1629 <br />
<br />
109. Meishô 1629-1643 <br />
<br />
110. Go-Kômyô 1643-1653 <br />
<br />
111. Go-Sai 1654-1662 <br />
<br />
112. Reigen 1663-1686 <br />
<br />
113. Higashiyama 1687-1709 <br />
<br />
114. Nakamikado 1709-1735 <br />
<br />
115. Sakuramachi 1735-1746 <br />
<br />
116. Momozono 1747-1761 <br />
<br />
117. Go-Sakuramachi 1762-1770 <br />
<br />
118. Go-Momozono 1770-1778 <br />
<br />
119. Kokaku 1779-1816 <br />
<br />
120. Ninko 1817-1845 <br />
<br />
121. Komei 1846-1867<br />
<br />
===Meiji Period 明治時代===<br />
<br />
122. [[Emperor Meiji|Meiji]] 1868-1912<br />
<br />
===Modern Era 現代===<br />
123. Taishô 1912 - 1926<br />
<br />
124. Shôwa 1926 - 1989<br />
<br />
125. Heisei 1989 - Present<br />
<br />
==Emperors and Eras==<br />
{| style="text-align:left" border="0" cellpadding="2"<br />
|+ '''Emperors and Eras'''<br />
! Emperor !! Era !! Kanji !! Start Year <br />
<br />
|-<br />
|Kotoku||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||645<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Taika||大化||645<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Hakuchi||白雉||650<br />
|-<br />
|Saimei||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||655<br />
|-<br />
|Tenji||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||661<br />
|-<br />
|Kobun||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||671<br />
|-<br />
|Temmu||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||673<br />
|-<br />
|Jito||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||686<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shuchô||朱鳥||686<br />
|-<br />
|Mommu||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||697<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Taihô||大宝||701<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Keiun||慶雲||704<br />
|-<br />
|Gemmei||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||707<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Yôrô||養老||708<br />
|-<br />
|Genshô||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||715<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Reiki||霊亀||715<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Yôwa||養和||717<br />
|-<br />
|Shomu||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||724<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jinki||神亀||724<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenpyô||天平||729<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenpyô-kanpô||天平感宝||749<br />
|-<br />
|Koken||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||749<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenpyô-shôhô||天平勝宝||749<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenpyô-hôji||天平宝字||757<br />
|-<br />
|Junnin||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||758<br />
|-<br />
|Shotoku||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||764<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenpyô-jingo||天平神護||765<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jingo-keiun||神護景雲||767<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Hôki||宝亀||770<br />
|-<br />
|Kammu||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||781<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ten'ô||天応||781<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Enryaku||延暦||782<br />
|-<br />
|Heizei||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||806<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Daidô||大同||806<br />
|-<br />
|Saga||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||809<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kônin||弘仁||810<br />
|-<br />
|Junna||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||823<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenchô||天長||824<br />
|-<br />
|Nimmyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||833<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôwa||承和||834<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kajô||嘉祥||848<br />
|-<br />
|Montoku||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||850<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ninju||仁寿||851<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Saikô||斉衡||854<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tennan||天安||857<br />
|-<br />
|Seiwa||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||858<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôgan||貞観||859<br />
|-<br />
|Yozei||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||876<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Gangyô||元慶||877<br />
|-<br />
|Koko||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||884<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ninna||仁和||885<br />
|-<br />
|Uda||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||887<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kanpyô||寛平||889<br />
|-<br />
|Daigo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||897<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôtai||昌泰||898<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Engi||延喜||901<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Enchô||延長||923<br />
|-<br />
|Suzaku||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||930<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôhei||承平||931<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tengyô||天慶||938<br />
|-<br />
|Murakami||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||946<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenshô||天正||947<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ten'yô||天養||957<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ôwa||応和||961<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kôhô||康保||964<br />
|-<br />
|Reizei||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||967<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Anna||安和||968<br />
|-<br />
|Enyu||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||969<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenryaku||天暦||970<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ten'en||天延||973<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôgen||貞元||976<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tengen||天元||978<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eikan||永観||983<br />
|-<br />
|Kazan||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||984<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kanna||寛和||985<br />
|-<br />
|Ichijô||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||986<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eien||永延||987<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eiso||永祚||988<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôryaku||正暦||990<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôtoku||長徳||995<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôhô||長保||999<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kankô||寛弘||1004<br />
|-<br />
|Sanjo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1011<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôwa||長和||1012<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Ichijô||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1016<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kannin||寛仁||1017<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jian||治安||1021<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Manju||万寿||1024<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôgen||長元||1028<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Suzaku||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1036<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôryaku||長暦||1037<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôkyû||長久||1040<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kantoku||寛徳||1044<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Reizei||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1045<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eishô||永承||1046<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tengi||天喜||1053<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kôhei||康平||1058<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jiryaku||治暦||1065<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Sanjo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1068<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Enkyû||延久||1069<br />
|-<br />
|Shirakawa||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1072<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôhô||承保||1074<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôryaku||承暦||1077<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eihô||永保||1081<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ôtoku||応徳||1084<br />
|-<br />
|Horikawa||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1086<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kanji||寛治||1087<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kahô||嘉保||1094<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eichô||永長||1096<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôtoku||承徳||1097<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kôwa||康和||1099<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôji||長治||1104<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kajô||嘉承||1106<br />
|-<br />
|Toba||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1107<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tennin||天仁||1108<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ten'ei||天永||1110<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eikyû||永久||1113<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Gen'ei||元永||1118<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Hôan||保安||1120<br />
|-<br />
|Sutoku||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1123<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenji||天治||1124<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Daiji||大治||1126<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tentoku||天徳||1131<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôshô||長承||1132<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Hôen||保延||1135<br />
|-<br />
|Konoe||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1141<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eiji||永治||1141<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kôji||康治||1142<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tokuji||徳治||1144<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kyûan||久安||1145<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ninpei||仁平||1151<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kyûju||久寿||1154<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Shirakawa||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1155<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Hôgen||保元||1156<br />
|-<br />
|Nijô||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1158<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Heiji||平治||1159<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eiryaku||永暦||1160<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ôhô||応保||1161<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôkan||長寛||1163<br />
|-<br />
|Rokujô||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1165<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eiman||永万||1165<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ninnan||仁安||1166<br />
|-<br />
|Takakura||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1168<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kaô||嘉応||1169<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôan||承安||1171<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Angen||安元||1175<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jishô||治承||1177<br />
|-<br />
|Antoku||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1180<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Yôwa||養和||1181<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Juei||寿永||1182<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Toba||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1183<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Genryaku||元暦||1184<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bunji||文治||1185<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kenkyû||建久||1190<br />
|-<br />
|Tsuchimikado||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1198<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôji||正治||1199<br />
|-<br />
|Juntoku||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1201<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kennin||建仁||1201<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Genkyû||元久||1204<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ken'ei||建永||1206<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôgen||承元||1207<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kenryaku||建暦||1211<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kenpô]||建保||1213<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôkyû||承久||1219<br />
|-<br />
|Chukyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1221<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Horikawa||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1221<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôô||貞応||1222<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Gennin||元仁||1224<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Karoku||嘉禄||1225<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Antei||安貞||1227<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kanki||寛喜||1229<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|Shijo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1232<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôei||貞永||1232<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenpuku||天福||1233<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bunryaku||文暦||1234<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Katei||嘉禎||1235<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ryakunin||暦仁||1238<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||En'ô||延応||1239<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ninji||仁治||1240<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Saga||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1242<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kangen||寛元||1243<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Fukakusa||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1246<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Hôji||宝治||1247<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kenchô||建長||1249<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kôgen||康元||1256<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôka||正嘉||1257<br />
|-<br />
|Kameyama||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1259<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôgen||正元||1259<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bun'ô||文応||1260<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kôcho||弘長||1261<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bun'ei||文永||1264<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Uda||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1274<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kenji||建治||1275<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kôan||弘安||1278<br />
|-<br />
|Fushimi||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1288<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôô||正応||1288<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Einin||永仁||1293<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Fushimi||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1298<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôan||正安||1299<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Nijô||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1301<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kengen||乾元||1302<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kagen||嘉元||1303<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Wadô||和銅||1306<br />
|-<br />
|Hanazono||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1308<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Enkei||延慶||1308<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ôchô||応長||1311<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôwa||正和||1312<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bunpô||文保||1317<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |'''Nanboku Court Period'''<br />
|-<br />
|Shoko||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1412<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôchô||正長||1428<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Hanazono||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1428<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eikyô||永享||1429<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kakitsu||嘉吉||1441<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bun'an||文安||1444<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Hôtoku||宝徳||1449<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kyôtoku||享徳||1452<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kôshô||康正||1455<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôroku||長禄||1457<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kanshô||寛正||1460<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Tsuchimakado||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1464<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bunshô||文正||1466<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ônin||応仁||1467<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bunmei||文明||1469<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôkyô||長享||1487<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Entoku||延徳||1489<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Meiô||明応||1492<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Kashiwabara||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1500<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bunki||文亀||1501<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eishô||永正||1504<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Daiei||大永||1521<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Nara||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1526<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kyôroku||享禄||1528<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenbun||天文||1532<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kôji||弘治||1555<br />
|-<br />
|Ogimachi||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1557<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eiroku||永禄||1558<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Genki||元亀||1570<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenshô]||天承||1573<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Yozei||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1586<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bunroku||文禄||1592<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Keichô||慶長||1596<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Mizunoo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1611<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Genna||元和||1615<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kan'ei||寛永||1624<br />
|-<br />
|Meishô||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1629<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Kômyô||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1643<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôhô||正保||1644<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Keian||慶安||1648<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôô||承応||1652<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Sai||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1654<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Meireki||明暦||1655<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Manji||万治||1658<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kanbun||寛文||1661<br />
|-<br />
|Reigen||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1663<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Enpô||延宝||1673<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenna||天和||1681<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôkyô||貞享||1684<br />
|-<br />
|Higashiyama||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1687<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Genroku||元禄||1688<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Hôei||宝永||1704<br />
|-<br />
|Nakamikado||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1709<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôtoku||正徳||1711<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kyôhô||享保||1716<br />
|-<br />
|Sakuramachi||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1735<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Genbun||元文||1736<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kanpô||寛保||1741<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Enkyô||延享||1744<br />
|-<br />
|Momozono||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1747<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kan'en||寛延||1748<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Hôreki||宝暦||1751<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Sakuramachi||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1762<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Meiwa||明和||1764<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Momozono||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1770<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||An'ei||安永||1772<br />
|-<br />
|Kokaku||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1779<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenmei||天明||1781<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kansei||寛政||1789<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kyôwa||享和||1801<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bunka||文化||1804<br />
|-<br />
|Ninko||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1817<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bunsei||文政||1818<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenpô||天保||1830<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kôka||弘化||1844<br />
|-<br />
|Komei||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1846<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kaei||嘉永||1848<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ansei||安政||1854<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Man'en||万延||1860<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bunkyû||文久||1861<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Genji||元治||1864<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Keiô||慶応||1865<br />
|-<br />
|Meiji||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1868<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Meiji||明治||1868<br />
|-<br />
|Taisho||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1912<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Taishô||大正||1912<br />
|-<br />
|Showa||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1926<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôwa||昭和||1926<br />
|-<br />
|Heisei||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1989<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Heisei||平成||1989<br />
|-<br />
<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
* [http://homepage1.nifty.com/gyouseinet/tokugawa/keizuKoushitsu.htm Imperial Genealogy (Japanese)]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Emperors]]</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=Hanzei&diff=20943Hanzei2011-11-04T15:18:44Z<p>Shogun: Redirecting to Emperor Hanzei</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Emperor Hanzei]]</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=Emperors_of_Japan&diff=20942Emperors of Japan2011-11-04T15:06:14Z<p>Shogun: /* Kamakura Period 鎌倉時代 */</p>
<hr />
<div>The succession of Emperors as described in the ''[[Nihon Shoki]]'' and the ''[[Kojiki]]'' cannot be taken at face-value. Neither can the presented dates for those before reign of [[Emperor Kimmei]], who ruled from [[539]] to [[571]]<ref>Funke, Mark C. Hitachi no Kuni Fudoki. Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 49, No. 1. (Spring, 1994), page 11.</ref> be trusted. <br />
<br />
The following list has been divided up by eras, and most importantly by those that fall under the "mythological" or "historical" categories. [[Emperor Sujin]] is believed to have been the first "historical" Emperor (being the first Emperor to rule in the growing [[Yamato province|Yamato]] region) after the tribal confederacies that had held power previously--this does not mean, however, that he and those that followed did not have highly ficionalized lives.<br />
<br />
Recent scholarship has raised the possibility that Emperors [[Emperor Seimu|Seimu]] and [[Emperor Chuai|Ch&ucirc;ai]], and [[Empress Jingu|Empress Jing&ucirc;]] were completely ficticious characters<ref>Edwards, Walter. In Pursuit of Himiko. Postwar Archaeology and the Location of Yamatai. Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 51, No. 1. (Spring, 1996), page 60n.</ref>. This assertion could very well apply to many other early Emperors, while others are most likely composite figures--an amalgamation of various important figures in early Japan. <br />
<br />
==Mythological==<br />
1. [[Emperor Jimmu|Jimmu]] 660 - 582 BC <br />
<br />
2. [[Emperor Suizei|Suizei]] 581 - 549 <br />
<br />
3. [[Emperor Annei|Annei]] 549 - 511<br />
<br />
4. [[Emperor Itoku|Itoku]] 510 - 476 <br />
<br />
5. [[Emperor Kosho|K&ocirc;sh&ocirc;]] 475 - 393 <br />
<br />
6. [[Emperor Koan|K&ocirc;an]] 392 - 291 <br />
<br />
7. [[Emperor Korei|K&ocirc;rei]] 290 - 215 <br />
<br />
8. [[Emperor Kogen|K&ocirc;gen]] 214 - 158 <br />
<br />
9. [[Emperor Kaika|Kaika]] 157 - 98<br />
<br />
==Historical==<br />
<br />
10. [[Emperor Sujin|Sujin]] 97-30 <br />
<br />
11. [[Emperor Suinin|Suinin]] 29 BC- 70 AD<br />
<br />
12. [[Emperor Keiko|Keiko]] 71 - 130 <br />
<br />
13. [[Emperor Seimu|Seimu]] 131 - 191 <br />
<br />
14. [[Emperor Chuai|Ch&ucirc;ai]] 192 - 200<br />
<br />
: [[Empress Jingu|Jing&ucirc;]] 209 - 269 (Regent) <br />
<br />
15. [[Emperor Ojin|&Ocirc;jin]] 270 - 310 <br />
<br />
16. [[Emperor Nintoku|Nintoku]] 313 - 399 <br />
<br />
17. [[Emperor Richu|Rich&ucirc;]] 400 - 405 <br />
<br />
18. [[Emperor Hanzei|Hanzei]] 406 - 410 <br />
<br />
19. [[Emperor Ingyo|Ingy&ocirc;]] 411 - 453 <br />
<br />
20. [[Emperor Anko|Ank&ocirc;]] 453 - 456 <br />
<br />
21. [[Emperor Yuryaku|Y&ucirc;ryaku]] 456 - 479 <br />
<br />
22. [[Emperor Seinei|Seinei]] 480 - 484 <br />
<br />
23. [[Emperor Kenso|Kenso]] 485 - 487 <br />
<br />
24. [[Emperor Ninken|Ninken]] 488 - 498 <br />
<br />
25. [[Emperor Buretsu|Buretsu]] 498 - 506 <br />
<br />
26. [[Emperor Keitai|Keitai]] 507 - 531 <br />
<br />
27. [[Emperor Ankan|Ankan]] 531 - 536<br />
<br />
===Asuka Period 飛鳥時代===<br />
28. [[Emperor Senka|Senka]] 536 - 539 <br />
<br />
29. [[Emperor Kimmei|Kimmei]] 540 - 571 <br />
<br />
30. [[Emperor Bidatsu|Bidatsu]] 572 - 585 <br />
<br />
31. [[Emperor Yomei|Yomei]] 585 - 587 <br />
<br />
32. [[Emperor Sushun|Sushun]] 588 - 592 <br />
<br />
33. [[Empress Suiko|Suiko]] 593 - 628 <br />
<br />
34. [[Emperor Jomei|Jomei]] 629 - 641 <br />
<br />
35. [[Empress Kogyoku|Kogyoku (Saimei)]] 642 - 644 <br />
<br />
36. [[Emperor Kotoku|Kotoku (Taika)]] 645 - 654 <br />
<br />
37. [[Empress Saimei|Saimei]] 655 - 660 <br />
<br />
38. [[Emperor Tenji|Tenji]] 661 - 670 <br />
<br />
39. [[Emperor Kobun|Kobun]] 671 - 672 <br />
<br />
40. [[Emperor Temmu|Temmu]] 673 - 685 <br />
<br />
41. [[Empress Jito|Jito]] 686 - 696 <br />
<br />
42. [[Emperor Mommu|Mommu]] 697 - 706 <br />
<br />
===Nara Period 奈良時代===<br />
43. [[Gemmei]] 707-714 <br />
<br />
44. [[Gensho|Genshô]] (Yoro) 715-723 <br />
<br />
45. [[Shomu]] 724-749 <br />
<br />
46. [[Koken]] (Shotoku) 749-758 <br />
<br />
47. [[Junnin]] 758-763 <br />
<br />
48. [[Shotoku]] (Koken) 764-770 <br />
<br />
49. [[Konin]] 770-780<br />
<br />
===Heian Period 平安時代===<br />
50. [[Kammu]] 781-806 <br />
<br />
51. [[Heizei]] 806-809 <br />
<br />
52. [[Saga]] 809-823 <br />
<br />
53. [[Junna]] 823-833 <br />
<br />
54. [[Nimmyo]] 833-850 <br />
<br />
55. [[Montoku]] 850-858 <br />
<br />
56. [[Seiwa]] 858-876 <br />
<br />
57. [[Yozei]] 876-884 <br />
<br />
58. [[Koko]] 884-887 <br />
<br />
59. [[Uda]] 887-897 <br />
<br />
60. [[Daigo]] 897-930 <br />
<br />
61. [[Suzaku]] 930-946 <br />
<br />
62. [[Murakami]] 946-967 <br />
<br />
63. [[Reizei]] 967-969 <br />
<br />
64. [[Enyu]] 969-984 <br />
<br />
65. [[Kazan]] 984-986 <br />
<br />
66. [[Ichijo|Ichijô]] 986-1011 <br />
<br />
67. [[Sanjo]] 1011-1016 <br />
<br />
68. [[Go-Ichijo|Go-Ichijô]] 1016-1036 <br />
<br />
69. [[Go-Suzaku]] 1036-1045 <br />
<br />
70. [[Go-Reizei]] 1045-1068 <br />
<br />
71. [[Go-Sanjo]] 1068-1072 <br />
<br />
72. [[Shirakawa]] 1072-1086 <br />
<br />
73. [[Horikawa]] 1086-1107 <br />
<br />
74. [[Toba]] 1107-1123 <br />
<br />
75. [[Sutoku]] 1123-1141 <br />
<br />
76. [[Konoe]] 1141-1155 <br />
<br />
77. [[Go-Shirakawa]] 1155-1158 <br />
<br />
78. [[Nijo|Nijô]] 1158-1165 <br />
<br />
79. [[Rokujo|Rokujô]] 1165-1168 <br />
<br />
80. [[Takakura]] 1168-1180 <br />
<br />
81. [[Antoku]] 1180-1183<br />
<br />
===Kamakura Period 鎌倉時代===<br />
82. [[Go-Toba]] 1183-1198 <br />
<br />
83. [[Tsuchimikado]] 1198-1210 <br />
<br />
84. [[Juntoku]] 1201-1221 <br />
<br />
85. [[Chukyo]] 1221 <br />
<br />
86. [[Go-Horikawa]] 1221-1232 <br />
<br />
87. [[Shijo]] 1232-1242 <br />
<br />
88. [[Go-Saga]] 1242-1246 <br />
<br />
89. [[Go-Fukakusa]] 1246-1259 <br />
<br />
90. [[Kameyama]] 1259-1274 <br />
<br />
91. [[Go-Uda]] 1274-1287 <br />
<br />
92. [[Fushimi]] 1288-1298 <br />
<br />
93. [[Go-Fushimi]] 1298-1301 <br />
<br />
94. [[Go-Nijo|Go-Nijô]] 1301-1308 <br />
<br />
95. [[Hanazono]] 1308-1318<br />
<br />
===Muromachi Period 室町時代===<br />
96. [[Emperor Go-Daigo|Go-Daigo]] 1318-1339 <br />
<br />
97. Go-Murakami 1339-1367 <br />
<br />
98. Chokei 1368-1383 <br />
<br />
99. Go-Kameyama 1383-1392 <br />
<br />
====Northern Court====<br />
*Kôgon 1331-1333 <br />
*Kômyô 1336-1347 <br />
*Sukô 1348-1351 <br />
*Go-Kôgon 1352-1370 <br />
*Go-En'yû 1371-1372 <br />
<br />
<br />
100. Go-Komatsu 1392-1412 <br />
<br />
101. Shôkô 1412-1427 <br />
<br />
102. Go-Hanazono 1428-1463 <br />
<br />
103. Go-Tsuchimakado 1464-1499 <br />
<br />
104. Go-Kashiwabara 1500-1525 <br />
<br />
105. Go-Nara 1526-1556 <br />
<br />
106. [[Emperor Ogimachi|Ôgimachi]] 1557-1585 <br />
<br />
107. Go-Yôzei 1586-1610<br />
<br />
===Edo Period 江戸時代===<br />
108. Go-Mizunoo 1611-1629 <br />
<br />
109. Meishô 1629-1643 <br />
<br />
110. Go-Kômyô 1643-1653 <br />
<br />
111. Go-Sai 1654-1662 <br />
<br />
112. Reigen 1663-1686 <br />
<br />
113. Higashiyama 1687-1709 <br />
<br />
114. Nakamikado 1709-1735 <br />
<br />
115. Sakuramachi 1735-1746 <br />
<br />
116. Momozono 1747-1761 <br />
<br />
117. Go-Sakuramachi 1762-1770 <br />
<br />
118. Go-Momozono 1770-1778 <br />
<br />
119. Kokaku 1779-1816 <br />
<br />
120. Ninko 1817-1845 <br />
<br />
121. Komei 1846-1867<br />
<br />
===Meiji Period 明治時代===<br />
<br />
122. [[Emperor Meiji|Meiji]] 1868-1912<br />
<br />
===Modern Era 現代===<br />
123. Taishô 1912 - 1926<br />
<br />
124. Shôwa 1926 - 1989<br />
<br />
125. Heisei 1989 - Present<br />
<br />
==Emperors and Eras==<br />
{| style="text-align:left" border="0" cellpadding="2"<br />
|+ '''Emperors and Eras'''<br />
! Emperor !! Era !! Kanji !! Start Year <br />
<br />
|-<br />
|Kotoku||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||645<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Taika||大化||645<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Hakuchi||白雉||650<br />
|-<br />
|Saimei||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||655<br />
|-<br />
|Tenji||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||661<br />
|-<br />
|Kobun||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||671<br />
|-<br />
|Temmu||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||673<br />
|-<br />
|Jito||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||686<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shuchô||朱鳥||686<br />
|-<br />
|Mommu||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||697<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Taihô||大宝||701<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Keiun||慶雲||704<br />
|-<br />
|Gemmei||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||707<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Yôrô||養老||708<br />
|-<br />
|Genshô||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||715<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Reiki||霊亀||715<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Yôwa||養和||717<br />
|-<br />
|Shomu||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||724<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jinki||神亀||724<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenpyô||天平||729<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenpyô-kanpô||天平感宝||749<br />
|-<br />
|Koken||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||749<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenpyô-shôhô||天平勝宝||749<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenpyô-hôji||天平宝字||757<br />
|-<br />
|Junnin||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||758<br />
|-<br />
|Shotoku||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||764<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenpyô-jingo||天平神護||765<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jingo-keiun||神護景雲||767<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Hôki||宝亀||770<br />
|-<br />
|Kammu||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||781<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ten'ô||天応||781<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Enryaku||延暦||782<br />
|-<br />
|Heizei||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||806<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Daidô||大同||806<br />
|-<br />
|Saga||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||809<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kônin||弘仁||810<br />
|-<br />
|Junna||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||823<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenchô||天長||824<br />
|-<br />
|Nimmyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||833<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôwa||承和||834<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kajô||嘉祥||848<br />
|-<br />
|Montoku||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||850<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ninju||仁寿||851<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Saikô||斉衡||854<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tennan||天安||857<br />
|-<br />
|Seiwa||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||858<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôgan||貞観||859<br />
|-<br />
|Yozei||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||876<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Gangyô||元慶||877<br />
|-<br />
|Koko||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||884<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ninna||仁和||885<br />
|-<br />
|Uda||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||887<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kanpyô||寛平||889<br />
|-<br />
|Daigo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||897<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôtai||昌泰||898<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Engi||延喜||901<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Enchô||延長||923<br />
|-<br />
|Suzaku||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||930<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôhei||承平||931<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tengyô||天慶||938<br />
|-<br />
|Murakami||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||946<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenshô||天正||947<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ten'yô||天養||957<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ôwa||応和||961<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kôhô||康保||964<br />
|-<br />
|Reizei||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||967<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Anna||安和||968<br />
|-<br />
|Enyu||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||969<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenryaku||天暦||970<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ten'en||天延||973<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôgen||貞元||976<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tengen||天元||978<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eikan||永観||983<br />
|-<br />
|Kazan||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||984<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kanna||寛和||985<br />
|-<br />
|Ichijô||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||986<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eien||永延||987<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eiso||永祚||988<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôryaku||正暦||990<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôtoku||長徳||995<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôhô||長保||999<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kankô||寛弘||1004<br />
|-<br />
|Sanjo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1011<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôwa||長和||1012<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Ichijô||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1016<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kannin||寛仁||1017<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jian||治安||1021<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Manju||万寿||1024<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôgen||長元||1028<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Suzaku||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1036<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôryaku||長暦||1037<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôkyû||長久||1040<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kantoku||寛徳||1044<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Reizei||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1045<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eishô||永承||1046<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tengi||天喜||1053<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kôhei||康平||1058<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jiryaku||治暦||1065<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Sanjo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1068<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Enkyû||延久||1069<br />
|-<br />
|Shirakawa||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1072<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôhô||承保||1074<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôryaku||承暦||1077<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eihô||永保||1081<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ôtoku||応徳||1084<br />
|-<br />
|Horikawa||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1086<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kanji||寛治||1087<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kahô||嘉保||1094<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eichô||永長||1096<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôtoku||承徳||1097<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kôwa||康和||1099<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôji||長治||1104<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kajô||嘉承||1106<br />
|-<br />
|Toba||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1107<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tennin||天仁||1108<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ten'ei||天永||1110<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eikyû||永久||1113<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Gen'ei||元永||1118<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Hôan||保安||1120<br />
|-<br />
|Sutoku||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1123<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenji||天治||1124<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Daiji||大治||1126<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tentoku||天徳||1131<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôshô||長承||1132<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Hôen||保延||1135<br />
|-<br />
|Konoe||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1141<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eiji||永治||1141<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kôji||康治||1142<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tokuji||徳治||1144<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kyûan||久安||1145<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ninpei||仁平||1151<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kyûju||久寿||1154<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Shirakawa||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1155<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Hôgen||保元||1156<br />
|-<br />
|Nijô||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1158<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Heiji||平治||1159<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eiryaku||永暦||1160<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ôhô||応保||1161<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôkan||長寛||1163<br />
|-<br />
|Rokujô||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1165<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eiman||永万||1165<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ninnan||仁安||1166<br />
|-<br />
|Takakura||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1168<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kaô||嘉応||1169<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôan||承安||1171<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Angen||安元||1175<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jishô||治承||1177<br />
|-<br />
|Antoku||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1180<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Yôwa||養和||1181<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Juei||寿永||1182<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Toba||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1183<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Genryaku||元暦||1184<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bunji||文治||1185<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kenkyû||建久||1190<br />
|-<br />
|Tsuchimikado||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1198<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôji||正治||1199<br />
|-<br />
|Juntoku||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1201<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kennin||建仁||1201<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Genkyû||元久||1204<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ken'ei||建永||1206<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôgen||承元||1207<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kenryaku||建暦||1211<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kenpô]||建保||1213<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôkyû||承久||1219<br />
|-<br />
|Chukyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1221<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Horikawa||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1221<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôô||貞応||1222<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Gennin||元仁||1224<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Karoku||嘉禄||1225<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Antei||安貞||1227<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kanki||寛喜||1229<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|Shijo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1232<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôei||貞永||1232<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenpuku||天福||1233<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bunryaku||文暦||1234<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Katei||嘉禎||1235<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ryakunin||暦仁||1238<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||En'ô||延応||1239<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ninji||仁治||1240<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Saga||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1242<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kangen||寛元||1243<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Fukakusa||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1246<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Hôji||宝治||1247<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kenchô||建長||1249<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kôgen||康元||1256<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôka||正嘉||1257<br />
|-<br />
|Kameyama||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1259<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôgen||正元||1259<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bun'ô||文応||1260<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kôcho||弘長||1261<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bun'ei||文永||1264<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Uda||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1274<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kenji||建治||1275<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kôan||弘安||1278<br />
|-<br />
|Fushimi||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1288<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôô||正応||1288<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Einin||永仁||1293<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Fushimi||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1298<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôan||正安||1299<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Nijô||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1301<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kengen||乾元||1302<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kagen||嘉元||1303<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Wadô||和銅||1306<br />
|-<br />
|Hanazono||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1308<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Enkei||延慶||1308<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ôchô||応長||1311<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôwa||正和||1312<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bunpô||文保||1317<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |'''Nanboku Court Period'''<br />
|-<br />
|Shoko||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1412<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôchô||正長||1428<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Hanazono||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1428<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eikyô||永享||1429<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kakitsu||嘉吉||1441<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bun'an||文安||1444<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Hôtoku||宝徳||1449<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kyôtoku||享徳||1452<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kôshô||康正||1455<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôroku||長禄||1457<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kanshô||寛正||1460<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Tsuchimakado||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1464<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bunshô||文正||1466<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ônin||応仁||1467<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bunmei||文明||1469<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôkyô||長享||1487<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Entoku||延徳||1489<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Meiô||明応||1492<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Kashiwabara||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1500<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bunki||文亀||1501<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eishô||永正||1504<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Daiei||大永||1521<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Nara||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1526<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kyôroku||享禄||1528<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenbun||天文||1532<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kôji||弘治||1555<br />
|-<br />
|Ogimachi||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1557<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eiroku||永禄||1558<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Genki||元亀||1570<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenshô]||天承||1573<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Yozei||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1586<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bunroku||文禄||1592<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Keichô||慶長||1596<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Mizunoo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1611<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Genna||元和||1615<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kan'ei||寛永||1624<br />
|-<br />
|Meishô||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1629<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Kômyô||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1643<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôhô||正保||1644<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Keian||慶安||1648<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôô||承応||1652<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Sai||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1654<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Meireki||明暦||1655<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Manji||万治||1658<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kanbun||寛文||1661<br />
|-<br />
|Reigen||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1663<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Enpô||延宝||1673<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenna||天和||1681<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôkyô||貞享||1684<br />
|-<br />
|Higashiyama||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1687<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Genroku||元禄||1688<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Hôei||宝永||1704<br />
|-<br />
|Nakamikado||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1709<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôtoku||正徳||1711<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kyôhô||享保||1716<br />
|-<br />
|Sakuramachi||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1735<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Genbun||元文||1736<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kanpô||寛保||1741<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Enkyô||延享||1744<br />
|-<br />
|Momozono||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1747<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kan'en||寛延||1748<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Hôreki||宝暦||1751<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Sakuramachi||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1762<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Meiwa||明和||1764<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Momozono||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1770<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||An'ei||安永||1772<br />
|-<br />
|Kokaku||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1779<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenmei||天明||1781<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kansei||寛政||1789<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kyôwa||享和||1801<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bunka||文化||1804<br />
|-<br />
|Ninko||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1817<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bunsei||文政||1818<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenpô||天保||1830<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kôka||弘化||1844<br />
|-<br />
|Komei||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1846<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kaei||嘉永||1848<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ansei||安政||1854<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Man'en||万延||1860<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bunkyû||文久||1861<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Genji||元治||1864<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Keiô||慶応||1865<br />
|-<br />
|Meiji||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1868<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Meiji||明治||1868<br />
|-<br />
|Taisho||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1912<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Taishô||大正||1912<br />
|-<br />
|Showa||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1926<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôwa||昭和||1926<br />
|-<br />
|Heisei||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1989<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Heisei||平成||1989<br />
|-<br />
<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
* [http://homepage1.nifty.com/gyouseinet/tokugawa/keizuKoushitsu.htm Imperial Genealogy (Japanese)]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Emperors]]</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=Emperors_of_Japan&diff=20941Emperors of Japan2011-11-04T15:05:12Z<p>Shogun: /* Heian Period 平安時代 */</p>
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<div>The succession of Emperors as described in the ''[[Nihon Shoki]]'' and the ''[[Kojiki]]'' cannot be taken at face-value. Neither can the presented dates for those before reign of [[Emperor Kimmei]], who ruled from [[539]] to [[571]]<ref>Funke, Mark C. Hitachi no Kuni Fudoki. Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 49, No. 1. (Spring, 1994), page 11.</ref> be trusted. <br />
<br />
The following list has been divided up by eras, and most importantly by those that fall under the "mythological" or "historical" categories. [[Emperor Sujin]] is believed to have been the first "historical" Emperor (being the first Emperor to rule in the growing [[Yamato province|Yamato]] region) after the tribal confederacies that had held power previously--this does not mean, however, that he and those that followed did not have highly ficionalized lives.<br />
<br />
Recent scholarship has raised the possibility that Emperors [[Emperor Seimu|Seimu]] and [[Emperor Chuai|Ch&ucirc;ai]], and [[Empress Jingu|Empress Jing&ucirc;]] were completely ficticious characters<ref>Edwards, Walter. In Pursuit of Himiko. Postwar Archaeology and the Location of Yamatai. Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 51, No. 1. (Spring, 1996), page 60n.</ref>. This assertion could very well apply to many other early Emperors, while others are most likely composite figures--an amalgamation of various important figures in early Japan. <br />
<br />
==Mythological==<br />
1. [[Emperor Jimmu|Jimmu]] 660 - 582 BC <br />
<br />
2. [[Emperor Suizei|Suizei]] 581 - 549 <br />
<br />
3. [[Emperor Annei|Annei]] 549 - 511<br />
<br />
4. [[Emperor Itoku|Itoku]] 510 - 476 <br />
<br />
5. [[Emperor Kosho|K&ocirc;sh&ocirc;]] 475 - 393 <br />
<br />
6. [[Emperor Koan|K&ocirc;an]] 392 - 291 <br />
<br />
7. [[Emperor Korei|K&ocirc;rei]] 290 - 215 <br />
<br />
8. [[Emperor Kogen|K&ocirc;gen]] 214 - 158 <br />
<br />
9. [[Emperor Kaika|Kaika]] 157 - 98<br />
<br />
==Historical==<br />
<br />
10. [[Emperor Sujin|Sujin]] 97-30 <br />
<br />
11. [[Emperor Suinin|Suinin]] 29 BC- 70 AD<br />
<br />
12. [[Emperor Keiko|Keiko]] 71 - 130 <br />
<br />
13. [[Emperor Seimu|Seimu]] 131 - 191 <br />
<br />
14. [[Emperor Chuai|Ch&ucirc;ai]] 192 - 200<br />
<br />
: [[Empress Jingu|Jing&ucirc;]] 209 - 269 (Regent) <br />
<br />
15. [[Emperor Ojin|&Ocirc;jin]] 270 - 310 <br />
<br />
16. [[Emperor Nintoku|Nintoku]] 313 - 399 <br />
<br />
17. [[Emperor Richu|Rich&ucirc;]] 400 - 405 <br />
<br />
18. [[Emperor Hanzei|Hanzei]] 406 - 410 <br />
<br />
19. [[Emperor Ingyo|Ingy&ocirc;]] 411 - 453 <br />
<br />
20. [[Emperor Anko|Ank&ocirc;]] 453 - 456 <br />
<br />
21. [[Emperor Yuryaku|Y&ucirc;ryaku]] 456 - 479 <br />
<br />
22. [[Emperor Seinei|Seinei]] 480 - 484 <br />
<br />
23. [[Emperor Kenso|Kenso]] 485 - 487 <br />
<br />
24. [[Emperor Ninken|Ninken]] 488 - 498 <br />
<br />
25. [[Emperor Buretsu|Buretsu]] 498 - 506 <br />
<br />
26. [[Emperor Keitai|Keitai]] 507 - 531 <br />
<br />
27. [[Emperor Ankan|Ankan]] 531 - 536<br />
<br />
===Asuka Period 飛鳥時代===<br />
28. [[Emperor Senka|Senka]] 536 - 539 <br />
<br />
29. [[Emperor Kimmei|Kimmei]] 540 - 571 <br />
<br />
30. [[Emperor Bidatsu|Bidatsu]] 572 - 585 <br />
<br />
31. [[Emperor Yomei|Yomei]] 585 - 587 <br />
<br />
32. [[Emperor Sushun|Sushun]] 588 - 592 <br />
<br />
33. [[Empress Suiko|Suiko]] 593 - 628 <br />
<br />
34. [[Emperor Jomei|Jomei]] 629 - 641 <br />
<br />
35. [[Empress Kogyoku|Kogyoku (Saimei)]] 642 - 644 <br />
<br />
36. [[Emperor Kotoku|Kotoku (Taika)]] 645 - 654 <br />
<br />
37. [[Empress Saimei|Saimei]] 655 - 660 <br />
<br />
38. [[Emperor Tenji|Tenji]] 661 - 670 <br />
<br />
39. [[Emperor Kobun|Kobun]] 671 - 672 <br />
<br />
40. [[Emperor Temmu|Temmu]] 673 - 685 <br />
<br />
41. [[Empress Jito|Jito]] 686 - 696 <br />
<br />
42. [[Emperor Mommu|Mommu]] 697 - 706 <br />
<br />
===Nara Period 奈良時代===<br />
43. [[Gemmei]] 707-714 <br />
<br />
44. [[Gensho|Genshô]] (Yoro) 715-723 <br />
<br />
45. [[Shomu]] 724-749 <br />
<br />
46. [[Koken]] (Shotoku) 749-758 <br />
<br />
47. [[Junnin]] 758-763 <br />
<br />
48. [[Shotoku]] (Koken) 764-770 <br />
<br />
49. [[Konin]] 770-780<br />
<br />
===Heian Period 平安時代===<br />
50. [[Kammu]] 781-806 <br />
<br />
51. [[Heizei]] 806-809 <br />
<br />
52. [[Saga]] 809-823 <br />
<br />
53. [[Junna]] 823-833 <br />
<br />
54. [[Nimmyo]] 833-850 <br />
<br />
55. [[Montoku]] 850-858 <br />
<br />
56. [[Seiwa]] 858-876 <br />
<br />
57. [[Yozei]] 876-884 <br />
<br />
58. [[Koko]] 884-887 <br />
<br />
59. [[Uda]] 887-897 <br />
<br />
60. [[Daigo]] 897-930 <br />
<br />
61. [[Suzaku]] 930-946 <br />
<br />
62. [[Murakami]] 946-967 <br />
<br />
63. [[Reizei]] 967-969 <br />
<br />
64. [[Enyu]] 969-984 <br />
<br />
65. [[Kazan]] 984-986 <br />
<br />
66. [[Ichijo|Ichijô]] 986-1011 <br />
<br />
67. [[Sanjo]] 1011-1016 <br />
<br />
68. [[Go-Ichijo|Go-Ichijô]] 1016-1036 <br />
<br />
69. [[Go-Suzaku]] 1036-1045 <br />
<br />
70. [[Go-Reizei]] 1045-1068 <br />
<br />
71. [[Go-Sanjo]] 1068-1072 <br />
<br />
72. [[Shirakawa]] 1072-1086 <br />
<br />
73. [[Horikawa]] 1086-1107 <br />
<br />
74. [[Toba]] 1107-1123 <br />
<br />
75. [[Sutoku]] 1123-1141 <br />
<br />
76. [[Konoe]] 1141-1155 <br />
<br />
77. [[Go-Shirakawa]] 1155-1158 <br />
<br />
78. [[Nijo|Nijô]] 1158-1165 <br />
<br />
79. [[Rokujo|Rokujô]] 1165-1168 <br />
<br />
80. [[Takakura]] 1168-1180 <br />
<br />
81. [[Antoku]] 1180-1183<br />
<br />
===Kamakura Period 鎌倉時代===<br />
82. Go-Toba 1183-1198 <br />
<br />
83. Tsuchimikado 1198-1210 <br />
<br />
84. Juntoku 1201-1221 <br />
<br />
85. Chukyo 1221 <br />
<br />
86. Go-Horikawa 1221-1232 <br />
<br />
87. Shijo 1232-1242 <br />
<br />
88. Go-Saga 1242-1246 <br />
<br />
89. Go-Fukakusa 1246-1259 <br />
<br />
90. Kameyama 1259-1274 <br />
<br />
91. Go-Uda 1274-1287 <br />
<br />
92. Fushimi 1288-1298 <br />
<br />
93. Go-Fushimi 1298-1301 <br />
<br />
94. Go-Nijô 1301-1308 <br />
<br />
95. Hanazono 1308-1318<br />
<br />
===Muromachi Period 室町時代===<br />
96. [[Emperor Go-Daigo|Go-Daigo]] 1318-1339 <br />
<br />
97. Go-Murakami 1339-1367 <br />
<br />
98. Chokei 1368-1383 <br />
<br />
99. Go-Kameyama 1383-1392 <br />
<br />
====Northern Court====<br />
*Kôgon 1331-1333 <br />
*Kômyô 1336-1347 <br />
*Sukô 1348-1351 <br />
*Go-Kôgon 1352-1370 <br />
*Go-En'yû 1371-1372 <br />
<br />
<br />
100. Go-Komatsu 1392-1412 <br />
<br />
101. Shôkô 1412-1427 <br />
<br />
102. Go-Hanazono 1428-1463 <br />
<br />
103. Go-Tsuchimakado 1464-1499 <br />
<br />
104. Go-Kashiwabara 1500-1525 <br />
<br />
105. Go-Nara 1526-1556 <br />
<br />
106. [[Emperor Ogimachi|Ôgimachi]] 1557-1585 <br />
<br />
107. Go-Yôzei 1586-1610<br />
<br />
===Edo Period 江戸時代===<br />
108. Go-Mizunoo 1611-1629 <br />
<br />
109. Meishô 1629-1643 <br />
<br />
110. Go-Kômyô 1643-1653 <br />
<br />
111. Go-Sai 1654-1662 <br />
<br />
112. Reigen 1663-1686 <br />
<br />
113. Higashiyama 1687-1709 <br />
<br />
114. Nakamikado 1709-1735 <br />
<br />
115. Sakuramachi 1735-1746 <br />
<br />
116. Momozono 1747-1761 <br />
<br />
117. Go-Sakuramachi 1762-1770 <br />
<br />
118. Go-Momozono 1770-1778 <br />
<br />
119. Kokaku 1779-1816 <br />
<br />
120. Ninko 1817-1845 <br />
<br />
121. Komei 1846-1867<br />
<br />
===Meiji Period 明治時代===<br />
<br />
122. [[Emperor Meiji|Meiji]] 1868-1912<br />
<br />
===Modern Era 現代===<br />
123. Taishô 1912 - 1926<br />
<br />
124. Shôwa 1926 - 1989<br />
<br />
125. Heisei 1989 - Present<br />
<br />
==Emperors and Eras==<br />
{| style="text-align:left" border="0" cellpadding="2"<br />
|+ '''Emperors and Eras'''<br />
! Emperor !! Era !! Kanji !! Start Year <br />
<br />
|-<br />
|Kotoku||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||645<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Taika||大化||645<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Hakuchi||白雉||650<br />
|-<br />
|Saimei||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||655<br />
|-<br />
|Tenji||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||661<br />
|-<br />
|Kobun||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||671<br />
|-<br />
|Temmu||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||673<br />
|-<br />
|Jito||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||686<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shuchô||朱鳥||686<br />
|-<br />
|Mommu||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||697<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Taihô||大宝||701<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Keiun||慶雲||704<br />
|-<br />
|Gemmei||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||707<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Yôrô||養老||708<br />
|-<br />
|Genshô||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||715<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Reiki||霊亀||715<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Yôwa||養和||717<br />
|-<br />
|Shomu||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||724<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jinki||神亀||724<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenpyô||天平||729<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenpyô-kanpô||天平感宝||749<br />
|-<br />
|Koken||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||749<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenpyô-shôhô||天平勝宝||749<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenpyô-hôji||天平宝字||757<br />
|-<br />
|Junnin||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||758<br />
|-<br />
|Shotoku||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||764<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenpyô-jingo||天平神護||765<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jingo-keiun||神護景雲||767<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Hôki||宝亀||770<br />
|-<br />
|Kammu||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||781<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ten'ô||天応||781<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Enryaku||延暦||782<br />
|-<br />
|Heizei||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||806<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Daidô||大同||806<br />
|-<br />
|Saga||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||809<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kônin||弘仁||810<br />
|-<br />
|Junna||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||823<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenchô||天長||824<br />
|-<br />
|Nimmyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||833<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôwa||承和||834<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kajô||嘉祥||848<br />
|-<br />
|Montoku||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||850<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ninju||仁寿||851<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Saikô||斉衡||854<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tennan||天安||857<br />
|-<br />
|Seiwa||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||858<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôgan||貞観||859<br />
|-<br />
|Yozei||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||876<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Gangyô||元慶||877<br />
|-<br />
|Koko||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||884<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ninna||仁和||885<br />
|-<br />
|Uda||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||887<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kanpyô||寛平||889<br />
|-<br />
|Daigo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||897<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôtai||昌泰||898<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Engi||延喜||901<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Enchô||延長||923<br />
|-<br />
|Suzaku||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||930<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôhei||承平||931<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tengyô||天慶||938<br />
|-<br />
|Murakami||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||946<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenshô||天正||947<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ten'yô||天養||957<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ôwa||応和||961<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kôhô||康保||964<br />
|-<br />
|Reizei||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||967<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Anna||安和||968<br />
|-<br />
|Enyu||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||969<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenryaku||天暦||970<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ten'en||天延||973<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôgen||貞元||976<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tengen||天元||978<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eikan||永観||983<br />
|-<br />
|Kazan||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||984<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kanna||寛和||985<br />
|-<br />
|Ichijô||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||986<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eien||永延||987<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eiso||永祚||988<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôryaku||正暦||990<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôtoku||長徳||995<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôhô||長保||999<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kankô||寛弘||1004<br />
|-<br />
|Sanjo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1011<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôwa||長和||1012<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Ichijô||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1016<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kannin||寛仁||1017<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jian||治安||1021<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Manju||万寿||1024<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôgen||長元||1028<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Suzaku||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1036<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôryaku||長暦||1037<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôkyû||長久||1040<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kantoku||寛徳||1044<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Reizei||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1045<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eishô||永承||1046<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tengi||天喜||1053<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kôhei||康平||1058<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jiryaku||治暦||1065<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Sanjo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1068<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Enkyû||延久||1069<br />
|-<br />
|Shirakawa||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1072<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôhô||承保||1074<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôryaku||承暦||1077<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eihô||永保||1081<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ôtoku||応徳||1084<br />
|-<br />
|Horikawa||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1086<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kanji||寛治||1087<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kahô||嘉保||1094<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eichô||永長||1096<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôtoku||承徳||1097<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kôwa||康和||1099<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôji||長治||1104<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kajô||嘉承||1106<br />
|-<br />
|Toba||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1107<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tennin||天仁||1108<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ten'ei||天永||1110<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eikyû||永久||1113<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Gen'ei||元永||1118<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Hôan||保安||1120<br />
|-<br />
|Sutoku||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1123<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenji||天治||1124<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Daiji||大治||1126<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tentoku||天徳||1131<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôshô||長承||1132<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Hôen||保延||1135<br />
|-<br />
|Konoe||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1141<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eiji||永治||1141<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kôji||康治||1142<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tokuji||徳治||1144<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kyûan||久安||1145<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ninpei||仁平||1151<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kyûju||久寿||1154<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Shirakawa||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1155<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Hôgen||保元||1156<br />
|-<br />
|Nijô||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1158<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Heiji||平治||1159<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eiryaku||永暦||1160<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ôhô||応保||1161<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôkan||長寛||1163<br />
|-<br />
|Rokujô||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1165<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eiman||永万||1165<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ninnan||仁安||1166<br />
|-<br />
|Takakura||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1168<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kaô||嘉応||1169<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôan||承安||1171<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Angen||安元||1175<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jishô||治承||1177<br />
|-<br />
|Antoku||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1180<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Yôwa||養和||1181<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Juei||寿永||1182<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Toba||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1183<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Genryaku||元暦||1184<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bunji||文治||1185<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kenkyû||建久||1190<br />
|-<br />
|Tsuchimikado||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1198<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôji||正治||1199<br />
|-<br />
|Juntoku||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1201<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kennin||建仁||1201<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Genkyû||元久||1204<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ken'ei||建永||1206<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôgen||承元||1207<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kenryaku||建暦||1211<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kenpô]||建保||1213<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôkyû||承久||1219<br />
|-<br />
|Chukyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1221<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Horikawa||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1221<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôô||貞応||1222<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Gennin||元仁||1224<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Karoku||嘉禄||1225<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Antei||安貞||1227<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kanki||寛喜||1229<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|Shijo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1232<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôei||貞永||1232<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenpuku||天福||1233<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bunryaku||文暦||1234<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Katei||嘉禎||1235<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ryakunin||暦仁||1238<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||En'ô||延応||1239<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ninji||仁治||1240<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Saga||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1242<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kangen||寛元||1243<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Fukakusa||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1246<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Hôji||宝治||1247<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kenchô||建長||1249<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kôgen||康元||1256<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôka||正嘉||1257<br />
|-<br />
|Kameyama||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1259<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôgen||正元||1259<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bun'ô||文応||1260<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kôcho||弘長||1261<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bun'ei||文永||1264<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Uda||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1274<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kenji||建治||1275<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kôan||弘安||1278<br />
|-<br />
|Fushimi||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1288<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôô||正応||1288<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Einin||永仁||1293<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Fushimi||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1298<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôan||正安||1299<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Nijô||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1301<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kengen||乾元||1302<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kagen||嘉元||1303<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Wadô||和銅||1306<br />
|-<br />
|Hanazono||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1308<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Enkei||延慶||1308<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ôchô||応長||1311<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôwa||正和||1312<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bunpô||文保||1317<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |'''Nanboku Court Period'''<br />
|-<br />
|Shoko||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1412<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôchô||正長||1428<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Hanazono||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1428<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eikyô||永享||1429<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kakitsu||嘉吉||1441<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bun'an||文安||1444<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Hôtoku||宝徳||1449<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kyôtoku||享徳||1452<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kôshô||康正||1455<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôroku||長禄||1457<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kanshô||寛正||1460<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Tsuchimakado||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1464<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bunshô||文正||1466<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ônin||応仁||1467<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bunmei||文明||1469<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôkyô||長享||1487<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Entoku||延徳||1489<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Meiô||明応||1492<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Kashiwabara||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1500<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bunki||文亀||1501<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eishô||永正||1504<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Daiei||大永||1521<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Nara||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1526<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kyôroku||享禄||1528<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenbun||天文||1532<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kôji||弘治||1555<br />
|-<br />
|Ogimachi||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1557<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eiroku||永禄||1558<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Genki||元亀||1570<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenshô]||天承||1573<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Yozei||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1586<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bunroku||文禄||1592<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Keichô||慶長||1596<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Mizunoo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1611<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Genna||元和||1615<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kan'ei||寛永||1624<br />
|-<br />
|Meishô||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1629<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Kômyô||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1643<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôhô||正保||1644<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Keian||慶安||1648<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôô||承応||1652<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Sai||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1654<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Meireki||明暦||1655<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Manji||万治||1658<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kanbun||寛文||1661<br />
|-<br />
|Reigen||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1663<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Enpô||延宝||1673<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenna||天和||1681<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôkyô||貞享||1684<br />
|-<br />
|Higashiyama||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1687<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Genroku||元禄||1688<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Hôei||宝永||1704<br />
|-<br />
|Nakamikado||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1709<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôtoku||正徳||1711<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kyôhô||享保||1716<br />
|-<br />
|Sakuramachi||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1735<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Genbun||元文||1736<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kanpô||寛保||1741<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Enkyô||延享||1744<br />
|-<br />
|Momozono||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1747<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kan'en||寛延||1748<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Hôreki||宝暦||1751<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Sakuramachi||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1762<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Meiwa||明和||1764<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Momozono||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1770<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||An'ei||安永||1772<br />
|-<br />
|Kokaku||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1779<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenmei||天明||1781<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kansei||寛政||1789<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kyôwa||享和||1801<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bunka||文化||1804<br />
|-<br />
|Ninko||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1817<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bunsei||文政||1818<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenpô||天保||1830<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kôka||弘化||1844<br />
|-<br />
|Komei||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1846<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kaei||嘉永||1848<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ansei||安政||1854<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Man'en||万延||1860<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bunkyû||文久||1861<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Genji||元治||1864<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Keiô||慶応||1865<br />
|-<br />
|Meiji||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1868<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Meiji||明治||1868<br />
|-<br />
|Taisho||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1912<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Taishô||大正||1912<br />
|-<br />
|Showa||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1926<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôwa||昭和||1926<br />
|-<br />
|Heisei||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1989<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Heisei||平成||1989<br />
|-<br />
<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
* [http://homepage1.nifty.com/gyouseinet/tokugawa/keizuKoushitsu.htm Imperial Genealogy (Japanese)]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Emperors]]</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=Emperors_of_Japan&diff=20940Emperors of Japan2011-11-04T15:02:57Z<p>Shogun: /* Nara Period 奈良時代 */</p>
<hr />
<div>The succession of Emperors as described in the ''[[Nihon Shoki]]'' and the ''[[Kojiki]]'' cannot be taken at face-value. Neither can the presented dates for those before reign of [[Emperor Kimmei]], who ruled from [[539]] to [[571]]<ref>Funke, Mark C. Hitachi no Kuni Fudoki. Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 49, No. 1. (Spring, 1994), page 11.</ref> be trusted. <br />
<br />
The following list has been divided up by eras, and most importantly by those that fall under the "mythological" or "historical" categories. [[Emperor Sujin]] is believed to have been the first "historical" Emperor (being the first Emperor to rule in the growing [[Yamato province|Yamato]] region) after the tribal confederacies that had held power previously--this does not mean, however, that he and those that followed did not have highly ficionalized lives.<br />
<br />
Recent scholarship has raised the possibility that Emperors [[Emperor Seimu|Seimu]] and [[Emperor Chuai|Ch&ucirc;ai]], and [[Empress Jingu|Empress Jing&ucirc;]] were completely ficticious characters<ref>Edwards, Walter. In Pursuit of Himiko. Postwar Archaeology and the Location of Yamatai. Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 51, No. 1. (Spring, 1996), page 60n.</ref>. This assertion could very well apply to many other early Emperors, while others are most likely composite figures--an amalgamation of various important figures in early Japan. <br />
<br />
==Mythological==<br />
1. [[Emperor Jimmu|Jimmu]] 660 - 582 BC <br />
<br />
2. [[Emperor Suizei|Suizei]] 581 - 549 <br />
<br />
3. [[Emperor Annei|Annei]] 549 - 511<br />
<br />
4. [[Emperor Itoku|Itoku]] 510 - 476 <br />
<br />
5. [[Emperor Kosho|K&ocirc;sh&ocirc;]] 475 - 393 <br />
<br />
6. [[Emperor Koan|K&ocirc;an]] 392 - 291 <br />
<br />
7. [[Emperor Korei|K&ocirc;rei]] 290 - 215 <br />
<br />
8. [[Emperor Kogen|K&ocirc;gen]] 214 - 158 <br />
<br />
9. [[Emperor Kaika|Kaika]] 157 - 98<br />
<br />
==Historical==<br />
<br />
10. [[Emperor Sujin|Sujin]] 97-30 <br />
<br />
11. [[Emperor Suinin|Suinin]] 29 BC- 70 AD<br />
<br />
12. [[Emperor Keiko|Keiko]] 71 - 130 <br />
<br />
13. [[Emperor Seimu|Seimu]] 131 - 191 <br />
<br />
14. [[Emperor Chuai|Ch&ucirc;ai]] 192 - 200<br />
<br />
: [[Empress Jingu|Jing&ucirc;]] 209 - 269 (Regent) <br />
<br />
15. [[Emperor Ojin|&Ocirc;jin]] 270 - 310 <br />
<br />
16. [[Emperor Nintoku|Nintoku]] 313 - 399 <br />
<br />
17. [[Emperor Richu|Rich&ucirc;]] 400 - 405 <br />
<br />
18. [[Emperor Hanzei|Hanzei]] 406 - 410 <br />
<br />
19. [[Emperor Ingyo|Ingy&ocirc;]] 411 - 453 <br />
<br />
20. [[Emperor Anko|Ank&ocirc;]] 453 - 456 <br />
<br />
21. [[Emperor Yuryaku|Y&ucirc;ryaku]] 456 - 479 <br />
<br />
22. [[Emperor Seinei|Seinei]] 480 - 484 <br />
<br />
23. [[Emperor Kenso|Kenso]] 485 - 487 <br />
<br />
24. [[Emperor Ninken|Ninken]] 488 - 498 <br />
<br />
25. [[Emperor Buretsu|Buretsu]] 498 - 506 <br />
<br />
26. [[Emperor Keitai|Keitai]] 507 - 531 <br />
<br />
27. [[Emperor Ankan|Ankan]] 531 - 536<br />
<br />
===Asuka Period 飛鳥時代===<br />
28. [[Emperor Senka|Senka]] 536 - 539 <br />
<br />
29. [[Emperor Kimmei|Kimmei]] 540 - 571 <br />
<br />
30. [[Emperor Bidatsu|Bidatsu]] 572 - 585 <br />
<br />
31. [[Emperor Yomei|Yomei]] 585 - 587 <br />
<br />
32. [[Emperor Sushun|Sushun]] 588 - 592 <br />
<br />
33. [[Empress Suiko|Suiko]] 593 - 628 <br />
<br />
34. [[Emperor Jomei|Jomei]] 629 - 641 <br />
<br />
35. [[Empress Kogyoku|Kogyoku (Saimei)]] 642 - 644 <br />
<br />
36. [[Emperor Kotoku|Kotoku (Taika)]] 645 - 654 <br />
<br />
37. [[Empress Saimei|Saimei]] 655 - 660 <br />
<br />
38. [[Emperor Tenji|Tenji]] 661 - 670 <br />
<br />
39. [[Emperor Kobun|Kobun]] 671 - 672 <br />
<br />
40. [[Emperor Temmu|Temmu]] 673 - 685 <br />
<br />
41. [[Empress Jito|Jito]] 686 - 696 <br />
<br />
42. [[Emperor Mommu|Mommu]] 697 - 706 <br />
<br />
===Nara Period 奈良時代===<br />
43. [[Gemmei]] 707-714 <br />
<br />
44. [[Gensho|Genshô]] (Yoro) 715-723 <br />
<br />
45. [[Shomu]] 724-749 <br />
<br />
46. [[Koken]] (Shotoku) 749-758 <br />
<br />
47. [[Junnin]] 758-763 <br />
<br />
48. [[Shotoku]] (Koken) 764-770 <br />
<br />
49. [[Konin]] 770-780<br />
<br />
===Heian Period 平安時代===<br />
50. Kammu 781-806 <br />
<br />
51. Heizei 806-809 <br />
<br />
52. Saga 809-823 <br />
<br />
53. Junna 823-833 <br />
<br />
54. Nimmyo 833-850 <br />
<br />
55. Montoku 850-858 <br />
<br />
56. Seiwa 858-876 <br />
<br />
57. Yozei 876-884 <br />
<br />
58. Koko 884-887 <br />
<br />
59. Uda 887-897 <br />
<br />
60. Daigo 897-930 <br />
<br />
61. Suzaku 930-946 <br />
<br />
62. Murakami 946-967 <br />
<br />
63. Reizei 967-969 <br />
<br />
64. Enyu 969-984 <br />
<br />
65. Kazan 984-986 <br />
<br />
66. Ichijô 986-1011 <br />
<br />
67. Sanjo 1011-1016 <br />
<br />
68. Go-Ichijô 1016-1036 <br />
<br />
69. Go-Suzaku 1036-1045 <br />
<br />
70. Go-Reizei 1045-1068 <br />
<br />
71. Go-Sanjo 1068-1072 <br />
<br />
72. Shirakawa 1072-1086 <br />
<br />
73. Horikawa 1086-1107 <br />
<br />
74. Toba 1107-1123 <br />
<br />
75. Sutoku 1123-1141 <br />
<br />
76. Konoe 1141-1155 <br />
<br />
77. Go-Shirakawa 1155-1158 <br />
<br />
78. Nijô 1158-1165 <br />
<br />
79. Rokujô 1165-1168 <br />
<br />
80. Takakura 1168-1180 <br />
<br />
81. Antoku 1180-1183<br />
<br />
===Kamakura Period 鎌倉時代===<br />
82. Go-Toba 1183-1198 <br />
<br />
83. Tsuchimikado 1198-1210 <br />
<br />
84. Juntoku 1201-1221 <br />
<br />
85. Chukyo 1221 <br />
<br />
86. Go-Horikawa 1221-1232 <br />
<br />
87. Shijo 1232-1242 <br />
<br />
88. Go-Saga 1242-1246 <br />
<br />
89. Go-Fukakusa 1246-1259 <br />
<br />
90. Kameyama 1259-1274 <br />
<br />
91. Go-Uda 1274-1287 <br />
<br />
92. Fushimi 1288-1298 <br />
<br />
93. Go-Fushimi 1298-1301 <br />
<br />
94. Go-Nijô 1301-1308 <br />
<br />
95. Hanazono 1308-1318<br />
<br />
===Muromachi Period 室町時代===<br />
96. [[Emperor Go-Daigo|Go-Daigo]] 1318-1339 <br />
<br />
97. Go-Murakami 1339-1367 <br />
<br />
98. Chokei 1368-1383 <br />
<br />
99. Go-Kameyama 1383-1392 <br />
<br />
====Northern Court====<br />
*Kôgon 1331-1333 <br />
*Kômyô 1336-1347 <br />
*Sukô 1348-1351 <br />
*Go-Kôgon 1352-1370 <br />
*Go-En'yû 1371-1372 <br />
<br />
<br />
100. Go-Komatsu 1392-1412 <br />
<br />
101. Shôkô 1412-1427 <br />
<br />
102. Go-Hanazono 1428-1463 <br />
<br />
103. Go-Tsuchimakado 1464-1499 <br />
<br />
104. Go-Kashiwabara 1500-1525 <br />
<br />
105. Go-Nara 1526-1556 <br />
<br />
106. [[Emperor Ogimachi|Ôgimachi]] 1557-1585 <br />
<br />
107. Go-Yôzei 1586-1610<br />
<br />
===Edo Period 江戸時代===<br />
108. Go-Mizunoo 1611-1629 <br />
<br />
109. Meishô 1629-1643 <br />
<br />
110. Go-Kômyô 1643-1653 <br />
<br />
111. Go-Sai 1654-1662 <br />
<br />
112. Reigen 1663-1686 <br />
<br />
113. Higashiyama 1687-1709 <br />
<br />
114. Nakamikado 1709-1735 <br />
<br />
115. Sakuramachi 1735-1746 <br />
<br />
116. Momozono 1747-1761 <br />
<br />
117. Go-Sakuramachi 1762-1770 <br />
<br />
118. Go-Momozono 1770-1778 <br />
<br />
119. Kokaku 1779-1816 <br />
<br />
120. Ninko 1817-1845 <br />
<br />
121. Komei 1846-1867<br />
<br />
===Meiji Period 明治時代===<br />
<br />
122. [[Emperor Meiji|Meiji]] 1868-1912<br />
<br />
===Modern Era 現代===<br />
123. Taishô 1912 - 1926<br />
<br />
124. Shôwa 1926 - 1989<br />
<br />
125. Heisei 1989 - Present<br />
<br />
==Emperors and Eras==<br />
{| style="text-align:left" border="0" cellpadding="2"<br />
|+ '''Emperors and Eras'''<br />
! Emperor !! Era !! Kanji !! Start Year <br />
<br />
|-<br />
|Kotoku||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||645<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Taika||大化||645<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Hakuchi||白雉||650<br />
|-<br />
|Saimei||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||655<br />
|-<br />
|Tenji||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||661<br />
|-<br />
|Kobun||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||671<br />
|-<br />
|Temmu||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||673<br />
|-<br />
|Jito||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||686<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shuchô||朱鳥||686<br />
|-<br />
|Mommu||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||697<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Taihô||大宝||701<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Keiun||慶雲||704<br />
|-<br />
|Gemmei||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||707<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Yôrô||養老||708<br />
|-<br />
|Genshô||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||715<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Reiki||霊亀||715<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Yôwa||養和||717<br />
|-<br />
|Shomu||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||724<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jinki||神亀||724<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenpyô||天平||729<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenpyô-kanpô||天平感宝||749<br />
|-<br />
|Koken||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||749<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenpyô-shôhô||天平勝宝||749<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenpyô-hôji||天平宝字||757<br />
|-<br />
|Junnin||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||758<br />
|-<br />
|Shotoku||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||764<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenpyô-jingo||天平神護||765<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jingo-keiun||神護景雲||767<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Hôki||宝亀||770<br />
|-<br />
|Kammu||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||781<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ten'ô||天応||781<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Enryaku||延暦||782<br />
|-<br />
|Heizei||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||806<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Daidô||大同||806<br />
|-<br />
|Saga||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||809<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kônin||弘仁||810<br />
|-<br />
|Junna||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||823<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenchô||天長||824<br />
|-<br />
|Nimmyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||833<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôwa||承和||834<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kajô||嘉祥||848<br />
|-<br />
|Montoku||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||850<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ninju||仁寿||851<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Saikô||斉衡||854<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tennan||天安||857<br />
|-<br />
|Seiwa||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||858<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôgan||貞観||859<br />
|-<br />
|Yozei||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||876<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Gangyô||元慶||877<br />
|-<br />
|Koko||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||884<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ninna||仁和||885<br />
|-<br />
|Uda||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||887<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kanpyô||寛平||889<br />
|-<br />
|Daigo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||897<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôtai||昌泰||898<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Engi||延喜||901<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Enchô||延長||923<br />
|-<br />
|Suzaku||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||930<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôhei||承平||931<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tengyô||天慶||938<br />
|-<br />
|Murakami||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||946<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenshô||天正||947<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ten'yô||天養||957<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ôwa||応和||961<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kôhô||康保||964<br />
|-<br />
|Reizei||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||967<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Anna||安和||968<br />
|-<br />
|Enyu||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||969<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenryaku||天暦||970<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ten'en||天延||973<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôgen||貞元||976<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tengen||天元||978<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eikan||永観||983<br />
|-<br />
|Kazan||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||984<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kanna||寛和||985<br />
|-<br />
|Ichijô||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||986<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eien||永延||987<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eiso||永祚||988<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôryaku||正暦||990<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôtoku||長徳||995<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôhô||長保||999<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kankô||寛弘||1004<br />
|-<br />
|Sanjo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1011<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôwa||長和||1012<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Ichijô||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1016<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kannin||寛仁||1017<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jian||治安||1021<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Manju||万寿||1024<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôgen||長元||1028<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Suzaku||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1036<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôryaku||長暦||1037<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôkyû||長久||1040<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kantoku||寛徳||1044<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Reizei||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1045<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eishô||永承||1046<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tengi||天喜||1053<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kôhei||康平||1058<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jiryaku||治暦||1065<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Sanjo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1068<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Enkyû||延久||1069<br />
|-<br />
|Shirakawa||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1072<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôhô||承保||1074<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôryaku||承暦||1077<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eihô||永保||1081<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ôtoku||応徳||1084<br />
|-<br />
|Horikawa||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1086<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kanji||寛治||1087<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kahô||嘉保||1094<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eichô||永長||1096<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôtoku||承徳||1097<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kôwa||康和||1099<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôji||長治||1104<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kajô||嘉承||1106<br />
|-<br />
|Toba||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1107<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tennin||天仁||1108<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ten'ei||天永||1110<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eikyû||永久||1113<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Gen'ei||元永||1118<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Hôan||保安||1120<br />
|-<br />
|Sutoku||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1123<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenji||天治||1124<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Daiji||大治||1126<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tentoku||天徳||1131<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôshô||長承||1132<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Hôen||保延||1135<br />
|-<br />
|Konoe||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1141<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eiji||永治||1141<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kôji||康治||1142<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tokuji||徳治||1144<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kyûan||久安||1145<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ninpei||仁平||1151<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kyûju||久寿||1154<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Shirakawa||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1155<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Hôgen||保元||1156<br />
|-<br />
|Nijô||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1158<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Heiji||平治||1159<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eiryaku||永暦||1160<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ôhô||応保||1161<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôkan||長寛||1163<br />
|-<br />
|Rokujô||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1165<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eiman||永万||1165<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ninnan||仁安||1166<br />
|-<br />
|Takakura||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1168<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kaô||嘉応||1169<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôan||承安||1171<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Angen||安元||1175<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jishô||治承||1177<br />
|-<br />
|Antoku||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1180<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Yôwa||養和||1181<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Juei||寿永||1182<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Toba||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1183<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Genryaku||元暦||1184<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bunji||文治||1185<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kenkyû||建久||1190<br />
|-<br />
|Tsuchimikado||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1198<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôji||正治||1199<br />
|-<br />
|Juntoku||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1201<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kennin||建仁||1201<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Genkyû||元久||1204<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ken'ei||建永||1206<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôgen||承元||1207<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kenryaku||建暦||1211<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kenpô]||建保||1213<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôkyû||承久||1219<br />
|-<br />
|Chukyo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1221<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Horikawa||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1221<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôô||貞応||1222<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Gennin||元仁||1224<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Karoku||嘉禄||1225<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Antei||安貞||1227<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kanki||寛喜||1229<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|Shijo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1232<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôei||貞永||1232<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenpuku||天福||1233<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bunryaku||文暦||1234<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Katei||嘉禎||1235<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ryakunin||暦仁||1238<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||En'ô||延応||1239<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ninji||仁治||1240<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Saga||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1242<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kangen||寛元||1243<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Fukakusa||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1246<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Hôji||宝治||1247<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kenchô||建長||1249<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kôgen||康元||1256<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôka||正嘉||1257<br />
|-<br />
|Kameyama||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1259<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôgen||正元||1259<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bun'ô||文応||1260<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kôcho||弘長||1261<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bun'ei||文永||1264<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Uda||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1274<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kenji||建治||1275<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kôan||弘安||1278<br />
|-<br />
|Fushimi||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1288<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôô||正応||1288<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Einin||永仁||1293<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Fushimi||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1298<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôan||正安||1299<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Nijô||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1301<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kengen||乾元||1302<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kagen||嘉元||1303<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Wadô||和銅||1306<br />
|-<br />
|Hanazono||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1308<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Enkei||延慶||1308<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ôchô||応長||1311<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôwa||正和||1312<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bunpô||文保||1317<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |'''Nanboku Court Period'''<br />
|-<br />
|Shoko||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1412<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôchô||正長||1428<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Hanazono||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1428<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eikyô||永享||1429<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kakitsu||嘉吉||1441<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bun'an||文安||1444<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Hôtoku||宝徳||1449<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kyôtoku||享徳||1452<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kôshô||康正||1455<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôroku||長禄||1457<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kanshô||寛正||1460<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Tsuchimakado||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1464<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bunshô||文正||1466<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ônin||応仁||1467<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bunmei||文明||1469<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Chôkyô||長享||1487<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Entoku||延徳||1489<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Meiô||明応||1492<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Kashiwabara||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1500<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bunki||文亀||1501<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eishô||永正||1504<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Daiei||大永||1521<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Nara||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1526<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kyôroku||享禄||1528<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenbun||天文||1532<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kôji||弘治||1555<br />
|-<br />
|Ogimachi||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1557<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Eiroku||永禄||1558<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Genki||元亀||1570<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenshô]||天承||1573<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Yozei||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1586<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bunroku||文禄||1592<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Keichô||慶長||1596<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Mizunoo||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1611<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Genna||元和||1615<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kan'ei||寛永||1624<br />
|-<br />
|Meishô||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1629<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Kômyô||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1643<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôhô||正保||1644<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Keian||慶安||1648<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôô||承応||1652<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Sai||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1654<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Meireki||明暦||1655<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Manji||万治||1658<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kanbun||寛文||1661<br />
|-<br />
|Reigen||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1663<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Enpô||延宝||1673<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenna||天和||1681<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Jôkyô||貞享||1684<br />
|-<br />
|Higashiyama||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1687<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Genroku||元禄||1688<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Hôei||宝永||1704<br />
|-<br />
|Nakamikado||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1709<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôtoku||正徳||1711<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kyôhô||享保||1716<br />
|-<br />
|Sakuramachi||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1735<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Genbun||元文||1736<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kanpô||寛保||1741<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Enkyô||延享||1744<br />
|-<br />
|Momozono||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1747<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kan'en||寛延||1748<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Hôreki||宝暦||1751<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Sakuramachi||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1762<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Meiwa||明和||1764<br />
|-<br />
|Go-Momozono||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1770<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||An'ei||安永||1772<br />
|-<br />
|Kokaku||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1779<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenmei||天明||1781<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kansei||寛政||1789<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kyôwa||享和||1801<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bunka||文化||1804<br />
|-<br />
|Ninko||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1817<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bunsei||文政||1818<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Tenpô||天保||1830<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kôka||弘化||1844<br />
|-<br />
|Komei||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1846<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Kaei||嘉永||1848<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Ansei||安政||1854<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Man'en||万延||1860<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Bunkyû||文久||1861<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Genji||元治||1864<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Keiô||慶応||1865<br />
|-<br />
|Meiji||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1868<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Meiji||明治||1868<br />
|-<br />
|Taisho||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1912<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Taishô||大正||1912<br />
|-<br />
|Showa||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1926<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Shôwa||昭和||1926<br />
|-<br />
|Heisei||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||1989<br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;||Heisei||平成||1989<br />
|-<br />
<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
* [http://homepage1.nifty.com/gyouseinet/tokugawa/keizuKoushitsu.htm Imperial Genealogy (Japanese)]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Emperors]]</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=Phaeton_Incident&diff=20474Phaeton Incident2011-06-28T13:43:09Z<p>Shogun: /* The Incident */</p>
<hr />
<div>*''Date: [[1808]]/8/25-28''<br />
<br />
The British frigate [[''HMS'' Phaeton]] disguised itself as a Dutch vessel and entered [[Nagasaki]] harbor late in the eighth month, [[1808]], in an effort to plunder Dutch vessels located there. The effort was ultimately unsuccessful, but represented a dramatic failure on the part of the shogunate, and of the domains of [[Saga han]] and [[Fukuoka han]], to effectively defend Nagasaki (and by extension, Japan's harbors, and Japan as a whole). The harbor defenses, consisting primarily of cannon roughly a century old and limited in number (the battery closest to the ''Phaeton'' held only seven cannon), were not only technologically & numerically inferior to the task, but were sorely inadequately manned as well. Where roughly a few hundred men might have been necessary to effectively man the batteries that existed, only 50-60 men from Saga were in fact present.<br />
<br />
[[Nagasaki bugyo|Nagasaki ''bugyô'']] [[Matsudaira Yasuhira]] committed suicide in the aftermath of the event, the only example in the entirety of the [[Edo period]] of a Nagasaki ''bugyô'' having to kill himself for defense-related reasons.<br />
<br />
==The Incident==<br />
The ''Phaeton'' was the first British man-of-war to enter Nagasaki harbor. It was captained by Fleetwood Pellew, with a Lt. C.B. Stockdale as second-in-command. The frigate was armed with 48 cannon.<br />
<br />
Historian [[Noell Wilson]] identifies two major weaknesses in the organization of Nagasaki's defense. Firstly, the manner in which Saga and Fukuoka han shared responsibility for the defense of Nagasaki was ambiguous and inefficient. Second, the Nagasaki ''bugyô'', a shogunate official, nominally had command of the defense of the harbor, and of the Saga and Fukuoka troops assigned there, but had no troops of his own, and had rather limited powers within Saga or Fukuoka domains themselves, outside of the city or harbor of Nagasaki itself.<br />
<br />
While the defense of other "gateways" to Japan at this time was entrusted entirely to individual domains (namely, the [[So clan|Sô clan]] of [[Tsushima han]] and the [[Shimazu clan]] of [[Satsuma han]], respectively, in guarding against foreign incursions in/via Tsushima and the Ryukyus), an arrangement much like that at Nagasaki was employed in [[Ezo]] in the 19th century, where the [[Tsugaru clan]] and [[Nanbu clan]] shared responsibility, and in [[Edo]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*Wilson, Noell. "Tokugawa Defense Redux: Organizational Failure in the ''Phaeton'' Incident of 1808." ''Journal of Japanese Studies'' 36:1 (Winter 2010). pp1-32.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Edo Period]]<br />
[[Category:Events and Incidents]]</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=1640&diff=2044516402011-06-24T16:04:49Z<p>Shogun: /* Other Events */</p>
<hr />
<div>Kan'ei 17 (寛永十七年)<br />
<br />
==Timeline of 1640==<br />
<br />
==Other Events==<br />
*Shogunal post of ''[[Shumon kaiyaku|Shûmon kaiyaku]]'' is created to oversee and enforce the bans on Christianity. ''[[O-metsuke|Ô-metsuke]]'' [[Inoue Masashige]] is the first appointed to the post.<br />
*57 of approximately 70 Portuguese sailors who sailed from Macao to Japan bearing gifts in an attempt to regain Portuguese trading and missionary rights in Japan are executed.<br />
*Ayutthaya dispatches an envoy to request the resumption of trade and relations with Japan. The ship succumbs to typhoon or inclement weather and never makes it to Japan.<br />
*[[Shimabara, Kyoto|Shimabara pleasure district]] in Kyoto is established.<br />
*Ban on ''onna-[[kabuki]]'' is reissued.<br />
*The shogunate forbids the [[Yoshiwara]] to operate at night.<br />
*Shogunate begins using ''[[nengo|nengô]]'' (Japanese era names) in correspondence with China, indicating a lessened acknowledgment of Chinese authority or centrality.<br />
<br />
<center><br />
{| border="3" align="center"<br />
|- align="center"<br />
|width="35%"|Previous Year<br>'''[[1639]]'''<br />
|width="25%"|'''[[1640]]'''<br />
|width="35%"|Following Year<br>'''[[1641]]'''<br />
|}<br />
</center><br />
<br />
[[Category:Timeline]]<br />
[[Category:Edo Period Timeline]]</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=Niiro_Tadamoto&diff=20414Niiro Tadamoto2011-06-03T19:15:08Z<p>Shogun: link fix</p>
<hr />
<div>* ''Died: [[1610]]''<br />
* ''Titles: Musashi no kami''<br />
* ''Other names: Jiroshirô''<br />
* ''Distinction: [[Shimazu clan|Shimazu]] retainer''<br />
<br />
<br />
Tadamoto held [[Oguchi castle]] in [[Satsuma province]]. In the service of [[Shimazu Yoshihisa]] he fought in many battles and in [[1586]] was responsible for bringing down the [[Otomo clan|Ôtomo's]] [[Toshimitsu castle]]. He played a notable role in the following [[Battle of Hetsugigawa]] (January [[1587]]) and earned fame during [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi|Toyotomi Hideyoshi's]] invasion of Kyushu the following year. At the [[Battle of Sendaigawa]] he led a gallant charge against the enormous [[Toyotomi clan|Toyotomi]] army preparing to drive on [[Kagoshima province|Kagoshima]]. In the course of the bitter battle he fought a personal duel with [[Kato Kiyomasa]]. He was unhorsed but spared, and Hideyoshi himself expressed admiration for his courage. In addition to his skills as a warrior, Tadamoto was a man of cultural acuity and was adept in the composition of [[waka]] (31-syllable poetry) and [[tanka]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{biodict}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Samurai]][[Category:Sengoku Period]]</div>Shogunhttp://samurai-archives.com/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Sendaigawa&diff=20413Battle of Sendaigawa2011-06-03T19:13:48Z<p>Shogun: </p>
<hr />
<div>* [[Niiro Tadamoto]] (under the command of [[Shimazu Yoshihisa]]) (5,000) vs. [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] (170,000) <br />
** ''Date: 6 June, [[1587]]''<br />
** ''Location: [[Satsuma province]]''<br />
<br />
<br />
This was the last engagement in Toyotomi Hideyoshi's [[Kyushu Campaign]] and was highlighted by a suicidal Shimazu charge and a one-on-one duel between [[Niiro Tadamoto]] and [[Kato Kiyomasa]]. Kato won but spared Niiro's life. <br />
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<br />
<center><br />
<table style="margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 250px; border: #900000 solid 1px"><tr><td><br />
{{Battles<br />
|name=[[Kyushu Campaign|Kyûshû Campaign]]<br />
|battles=<br />
[[Battle of Takajo|Takajô]] - <br />
[[Battle of Hetsugigawa|Hetsugigawa]] – <br />
[[Siege of Ganjaku|Ganjaku]] – <br />
[[Siege of Akizuki|Akizuki]] – <br />
[[Battle of Sendaigawa|Sendaigawa]] – <br />
[[Siege of Kagoshima|Kagoshima]]}}</td></tr></table></center><br />
==References==<br />
{{saref}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Battles|Sendaigawa]]<br />
[[Category:Sengoku Period|Sendaigawa]]</div>Shogun